Test 1

Question 1

What is microevolution

Answer 1

the change in the genetic characteristics (allele frequency) of a population over time

Question 2

what is macroevolution

Answer 2

the evolution of larger taxonomic groups over long periods of time

Question 3

who was Alfred Russell Wallace

Answer 3

the British guy who proposed that natural selection was the mechanism for evolution and proposed warning coloration

Question 4

what are transitional features

Answer 4

features in species that link them to older species (like fins going to limbs) which help scientists identify how lineages worked

Question 5

what are homologies

Answer 5

shared physiological traits and genetics such as structural similarities, developmental similarities, genetic similarities

Question 6

what is fitness

Answer 6

the relative ability of an individual to produce offspring that will survive

Question 7

what is artificial selection

Answer 7

breeding

Question 8

who are rosemary and Peter grant

Answer 8

recorded beak size and shape and body size of finches in the Galapagos before and after drought –> determined heritability of certain trains, looked at natural selection

Question 9

what is a genome

Answer 9

a set of all genetic information (DNA) in a population

Question 10

what is adaptation

Answer 10

evolving of a whole population to do better in an environment

Question 11

what is acclimation

Answer 11

change on an individual level, usually not passed one

Question 12

is evolution goal oriented

Answer 12

…no

Question 13

whats phenotype

Answer 13

physical characteristics

Question 14

whats genotype

Answer 14

genetic characteristics (AABb etc)

Question 15

what are alleles

Answer 15

variants of a gene

Question 16

whats diploid

Answer 16

you get one copy of a gene (allele) from mom and one from dad

Question 17

whats a benefit to being diploid

Answer 17

if one gene fails you have another

Question 18

what are the 4 ways natural selection can change a population

Answer 18

directional, stabilizing, disruptive, balancing

Question 19

whats directional natural selection

Answer 19

changes the average value of a trait (beak size increasing)

Question 20

whats a histogram

Answer 20

a graph where data points are grouped by value and shown as bars

Question 21

whats stabilizing NS

Answer 21

reduces the amount of variation (skinner bell)

Question 22

whats disruptive NS

Answer 22

increases the amount of variation

Question 23

whats balancing NS

Answer 23

where no allele has an advantage so they balance out

Question 24

whats sexual selection

Answer 24

where individuals have differing abilities to attract mates and mate

Question 25

what are the two types of sexual selection

Answer 25

male-male competition, female choice

Question 26

whats genetic drift

Answer 26

random effects (bug being stepped on, natural disaster, randomness of reproduction) that cause changes in the genome but not adaptation

Question 27

does genetic drift increase or decrease genetic variation

Answer 27

decrease

Question 28

does genetic drift increase or decrease genetic differences between populations

Answer 28

increases

Question 29

whats gene flow

Answer 29

when individuals move between populations and interbreed

Question 30

does gene flow increase or decrease genetic variation

Answer 30

increases

Question 31

does gene flow increase or decrease genetic differences between populations

Answer 31

decreases (homogenizes populations)

Question 32

do mutations increase or decrease genetic diversity

Answer 32

increase

Question 33

why do mutations show up so much in bacteria populations

Answer 33

horizontal gene flow

Question 34

are mutations consequential for evolution

Answer 34

only if they provide a fitness advantage, which is rare

Question 35

what is the Hardy-Weinberg equation for

Answer 35

determining the frequency of alleles in a population

Question 36

in the hardy-weinberg equation, what does p stand for

Answer 36

the frequency of the dominant allele

Question 37

in the hardy-weinberg equation, what does p2 stand for

Answer 37

the portion of the population with the homozygous dominant genotype

Question 38

in the hardy-weinberg equation, what does q stand for

Answer 38

the frequency of the recessive allele

Question 39

in the hardy-weinberg equation, what does q2 stand for

Answer 39

the portion of the population with the homozygous recessive genotype

Question 40

in the hardy-weinberg equation, what does 2pq stand for

Answer 40

the portion of the population with the heterozygous genotype

Question 41

does inbreeding increase or decrease the frequency of heterozygotes

Answer 41

decreases

Question 42

whats a biological species

Answer 42

members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

Question 43

whats a morphospecies

Answer 43

members share morphological features (physical traits that are distinguishable)

Question 44

whats a phylogenetic species

Answer 44

members share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other sets

Question 45

what are the two major groups of reproductive barriers

Answer 45

prezygotic and postzygotic barriers

Question 46

name the 5 types of prezygotic reproductive barriers

Answer 46

habitat isolation (deep water fish vs shallow), temporal isolation (mating occurs at different times), behavioral isolation (different mating dances), mechanical isolation (mating physically doesnt work), gametic isolation (gametes fail to attract each other or are inviable (sperm cant get to egg))

Question 47

name the 3 types of post zygotic reproductive barriers

Answer 47

reduced hybrid viability (offspring die), reduced hybrid fertility (offspring can't mate), hybrid breakdown (offspring of offspring aren't fertile or viable)

Question 48

whats allopatric speciation by dispersal

Answer 48

dispersal and colonization (some leave the population and go somewhere else and start a new population), then genetic drift and selection cause the two populations to be isolated

Question 49

whats allopatric speciation by vicariance

Answer 49

chance separation (flood, fire, road, etc), then genetic drift and selection, so two populations are isolated

Question 50

whats adaptive radiation and what kind of geography is it common in

Answer 50

basically a species boom, when there's rapid evolution that causes speciation as species occupy new niches, common on island chains

Question 51

whats sympatric speciation

Answer 51

no separation of the population, just genetic drift and selection within the population that separates it into two (such as mating times separating) `

Question 52

whats homoploid hybridization

Answer 52

speciation due to differing traits in hybrid offspring (hybrids become their own species)

Question 53

whats convergent evolution

Answer 53

when the same adaptive radiation offers in different places (the same species evolve independently from each other)

Question 54

what is species richness

Answer 54

the number of species there are

Question 55

what is biodiversity/species diversity

Answer 55

the number of species and their relative abundance

Question 56

whats the benchmark for a mass extinction

Answer 56

60% of species wiped out within 1 million years

Question 57

how many mass extinctions have there been

Answer 57

5

Question 58

whats an endemic species

Answer 58

confined to a single area

Question 59

whats an autotroph

Answer 59

an organism that can feed itself (takes very simple nutrients like sunlight, CO2)

Question 60

what type of producer are plants

Answer 60

primary producers (feed whole ecosystem)

Question 61

what are the two types of plant parasites

Answer 61

obligate (have to be parasites) and facultative (are parasites only when necessary)

Question 62

why are some plants carnivores

Answer 62

need more nitrogen

Question 63

how do plants store food

Answer 63

in the form of starch

Question 64

what are the cell walls of plants made of

Answer 64

cellulose

Question 65

do plants reproduce sexually or asexually

Answer 65

both