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Psych 2110 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Romanian orphanages

A
  • stresses the importance of early life experience
  • timing matters - less than 6 months damages are less reversible
  • touch, attention, and stimulation are vital for human development
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2
Q

environmental evolution adaptedness (EEA)

A

the condition under which our ancestors lived a to which our morphological & psychological features are adapted
- children lack the evolutionary understanding of new technology

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3
Q

plato

A

innate knowledge, nature vs nurture

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4
Q

aristotle

A

acquire knowledge through experience
- tabula rasa ‘blank slate’
- education and timing is important - everything before 7

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5
Q

nature vs nurture

A

nature - biological endowment, genetic inheritance
nurture - environmental influence

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6
Q

continuity vs discontinuity

A

continuity - continuous ex. growth of a tree
discontinuity - a process with multiple steps

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7
Q

the active child

A

children shape their own development through selective attention

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8
Q

niche

A

ecological - the ecological conditions to which a species is adapted and how the species influences the ecosystem
developmental - physical and social setting in which children live, the customs, & the psychology of their caretakers

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9
Q

Mechanism of change

A

importance of sleep
infant amnesia due to immaturity of hippocampus

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10
Q

vaccine war experiment

A

does the MMR vaccine cause autism?
- preservatives in the vaccine causes behavior

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11
Q

gathering data

A

interview
naturalist observation
structured observation

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12
Q

research design

A

cross-sectional - different ages at one time
longitudinal - same children over long period
microgenetic - same children over short period

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13
Q

dna

A

a molecule encoding the genetic instructions used in the development & function of all living things

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14
Q

gene

A

a locatable region of genomic sequence, corresponding to a unit of inheritance

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15
Q

chromosome

A

an organized structure of dna & protien found in cells

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16
Q

meiosis

A

process of cell division that produces gametes

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17
Q

prenatal development

A

fertilization - union of the sperm and egg

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18
Q

period of zygote

A
  • when egg is fertilized
  • ends at 2 weeks with implantation
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19
Q

period of embryo

A
  • implantation to 8 weeks
  • basic bodily internal & external structures form
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20
Q

period of fetus

A
  • 9 weeks to birth
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21
Q

4 developmental processes

A

1) cell division results in the proliferation of cells
2) cell migration
3) cell differentiation transforms the embryos unspecialized stem cells into different cells
4) apoptosis - genetically programmed cell death

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22
Q

fetal learning - hearing

A

study: mother read cat in the hat 2x day for 6 weeks after birth the baby changes sucking patterns when hearing the story again
- form long-term memories in womb

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23
Q

fetal learning - smell

A

study: babies prefer pads filled with their mothers amniotic fluid over another

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24
Q

fetal learning - taste

A

study: mothers drank carrot juice 4x week for 3 weeks after birth baby preferred cereal flavoured with carrot juice

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25
hazards to prenatal development
tetragons - poisonous substances that can harm a developing embryo or fetus
26
list of hazards to prenatal development
drugs - thalidomide - aspirin - slowed fetal growth, motor control, death - ibuprofen - in 3 trimester - prolonged delivery, pulmonary hypertension - tetracycline - hardening of teeth and bones - opioid - neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) - weed - attention, impulsivity, learning deficient - alcohol - fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) - cigs - slow fetal growth, low bw, ADHD, hearing deficit, SIDS, cleft lip/palate
27
maternal disease
rubella - deaf, blind, cardiac abnormalities zika - microcephaly
28
maternal diet
malnutrition- small, low bw, cognitive deficits folic acid intake - prevents downs & spina bifida
29
maternal well-being
high levels of anxiety - more fetal movement prolonged stress - stunted development. premie, low bw, ADHD
30
postpartum depression
mothers blues - 40-60% of new moms prolonged depression - 10-30%
31
genotype
the genes that one inherits
32
phenotype
observable expression of the genotype
33
neurons
specialized cells that are the basic unit of the brains information system
34
cell body
basic biological material that keeps the neuron functioning
35
dendrites
receives input from other cells and conducts it toward the cell body
36
axon
conducts electrical signals to connect with other neurons
37
neurogenesis
the proliferation of neurons through cell division is largely complete about 18 weeks after conception
38
myelination
myelin sheath - formed by glial cells, the brain white matter, around axons
39
synaptogenesis
each neuron forms a synapse with thousands of other neurons, resulting in the formation of trillions of connections
40
synaptic pruning
developmental process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated
41
brain plasticity
the capacity of the brain, affected by experience synapses that are frequently used are preserved - neural darwinism
42
expectant plasticity
the normal writing of the brain occurs in part as a result of the kinds of general experiences that every human has
43
dependent plasticity
neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual's experience
44
layers of the brain
1) cortical (upmost) - abstract & concrete thought, affiliation 2) limbic - attachment, sexual behaviour, emotional reactivity, motor regulation 3) midbrain - arousal, appetite/satiety, sleep 4) brainstem - BP, HR, body temp
45
recovery from brain damage
timing & plasticity is important - worst time: during neurogenesis & when migration is occurring - best: synapse generation & pruning are occurring
46
piagets theory
1) sensorimotor 2) preoperational 3) concrete operational 4) formal operational
47
sensorimotor stage
birth - 2 years understands through senses and actions. live in the world of now and here - focus their activities - goals of their activities - formation of mental representation
48
preoperational stage
2-7 years understands through language and mental images, able to form mental representations - egocentrism perceives the world solely from one's own perspective - concentration - focusing on a single dimension, and on static states over transformation
49
concrete operational
7-12 years understand through logical thinking and categories - systematic thinking remains difficult
50
formal operational
12+ years understand through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning. - logical thinking
51
information processing theory
comparing the brain to a computer's basic functions - how cognitive changes occur - development of learning, memory, & problem-solving skills
52
limited capacity theory
hardware - memory capacity, speed to execute task software - strategies & info available for a particular task
53
executive functioning
- inhibition - enhancement of working memory - cognitive flexibility - planning, organizing, prioritizing, shifting, memorizing, checking
54
hardware
execution speed - process neuronal myelination may aid processing speed & the ability to ignore distractions
55
software
strategies - memory and learning strategies emerge between 5-8 years - utilization deficiency - failure to benefit from using good strategies owing to the high cost of mental effort
56
Vygotsky socio-cultural theory
children are social beings shaped by their cultural context
57
key social interactions
- intersubjectivity - the way a person understands & relates to others
58
joint attention
the shared focus of two individuals on an object
59
social referencing
children look to social partners for guidance about how to respond to unfamiliar events
60
social scaffolding
more competent people provide temporary framework that lead children to high-order thinking
61
zone of proximal development
the range between what children can do unsupported & what they can do with optimal social support

Psych 2110 (1 decks)

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