Test 1 Flashcards

Question

Natural Science data

Answer 1

Can often lead to high R and high V

Answer 2

Data often permits only lower R, V

Answer 3

means arising from norms (social standards); these can be (and often are) challenged (to learn best v. worst)

Answer 4

measures are not empirical, and vice versa (to learn best v. worst)

Answer 5

Involves counting things: population, births, inches, pounds, etc.

Answer 6

is just one count measure divided by a second count measure. Think about the speed of a car—it is a rate measure found by taking the number of miles covered and dividing it by the time it took to drive that distance. (also more powerful than count measures)

Answer 7

measure is a measure that has been built or composed from other measures. Researchers use a composite measure when they can’t directly observe what they want to measure. Instead, they mathematically combine count or rate measures together to form the composite measure.

Answer 8

Correlation is measure of empirical relationship * Relationship or non-relationship between observable characteristics of two different objects of investigation * Correlation does not mean causation (more about that later) (produces the r coefficient)

Answer 9

Higher “r” means tighter grouping along the trend; fewer outliers * Higher “r” is read as a stronger relationship Plus & minus signs show the direction of the relationship

Answer 10

Often NOT zero Non-zero starting points are sometimes used to avoid lots of blank space on a line graph, but can make small differences appear excessively large

Answer 11

Used when “outliers” create two groupings of data points with large amounts of empty space in between Can make outliers appear to be less extreme; visual differences are altered with respect to only the outliers

Answer 12

These should be evenly spaced—but sometimes are not, skewing data interpretations

Answer 13

helpful- used a lot including a lot of rate measures we've mentioned so far not so helpful- they leave out a lot of important information

Answer 14

include (hide) inflation effects  Inflation is the general rise in the price of goods and services  Inflation changes the “value” of $1.00 over time—that dollar bill bought 2 sodas (@ 50 cents) many years ago, but only 1 soda today

Answer 15

reveal (subtract out) inflation effects and should always specify baseline year used  Best for comparison of $$ across years  Very different picture than current-year

Answer 16

a measure of empirical relationship

Answer 17

is a possible explanation of how or why a pattern exists in an empirical relationship * Causation cannot be hypothesized for “just a set of dots” on a plot * Causal hypotheses are based on the data, the meaning of the measures (variables), and how/why they are causally connected

Answer 18

Correlation- factual, determined by calculations using observable measures of the data Causations- theoretical: a hypothesis or inference as to how & why the empirical relationship exists

Answer 19

* Correlation is often only coincidence * When an empirical relationship is correlated, but is not causal, it is spurious * Very high “r” values are often a tip-off to spuriousness * A computer can calculate correlation, but a human must infer cause or determine spuriousness

Answer 20

* “Correlation” is not in vocabulary of politicians * Correlations are usually presented as causation * Often, they are actually spurious! * Claims of “causation” will usually assume your acceptance

Answer 21

* false * non-causal * misleading * invalid * illegitimate * illusory * circumstantial * accidental

Answer 22

a shared framework of values, beliefs, and habits of behavior in regard to government and politics

Answer 23

Shared experiences with other Southern states of slavery, defeat in a civil war, postwar occupation, and continued denial of full citizenship rights to African Americans

Answer 24

Derived from the reality and myth of living on the frontier

Answer 25

 Theories aren’t proofs  They are ideas that express a specific causal mechanism  The best ones are elegant and offer a lot of explanatory power while often ignoring unexplained aspects  One phenomenon can be “explained” by different theories

Answer 26

Political scientist who lived 1934-1999  In 1966 he published his causal theory for why different regions in the U.S. held largely uniform political ideologies

Answer 27

“Government is a positive force for good!”  Government advances the public interest and is a positive force in the lives of citizens; intervenes whenever necessary

Answer 28

“Elite lineage is all that matters”  Government’s purpose is utilitarian: serve the elite who created it to serve them ◦ Maintain the existing social order and economic hierarchy ◦ Ambivalent toward the marketplace and the common good

Answer 29

Governement has unlimited power - Hitler with Nazis - Stalin with Soviet Communist Party

Answer 30

No power ( and no government)

Answer 31

Government owns the basic goods and services provided to members of the society

Answer 32

Individuals own the basic goods and services provided to members of the society, and do with them as they please

Answer 33

Government owns the basic goods and services provided to members of the society

Answer 34

Individuals own the basic goods and services provided to members of the society, and do with them as they please

Answer 35

Labor and profit within a society’s market system must both retain intrinsic value—human beings must not be a “throw away” commodity in pursuit of a stronger bottom line.

Answer 36

When everything is divided equally (and everyone is treated equally), there is no incentive for the individual to produce. (Big free-rider problem! Trying to float everyone’s boat is a waste of effort and money.)

Answer 37

Maximizes economic growth and promotes freedom of individual wealth. (Directly connecting effort to benefit is the key)

Answer 38

Leaves the less intellectually and socially privileged individuals without means to improve their quality of life.

Answer 39

Places a high value on individual liberties even at the expense of having an orderly society

Answer 40

Prioritizes public stability and decency above individual freedom

Answer 41

◦ Highly valuing social order and economic efficiency ◦ Expecting government power must regulate social choices ...and must NOT regulate economic choices ◦ Seeing economic inequality as a natural consequence of differences in human ability and energy

Answer 42

◦ Highly valuing social freedom and economic equality ◦ Expecting that government should NOT restrict social choices ...but should intervene to promote individual welfare and to regulate the economy ◦ Valuing private property and market, but only to a point  Heavily weights the overall good of society instead of individuals’ good

Answer 43

◦ Highly valuing social freedom and economic efficiency ◦ Emphasizing autonomy of individual and minimalist role of government  Individual should be free from restraint in both economic and non- economic spheres ◦ NOT wanting ANARCHY – but believing in minimal intervention of government, not a society without government

Answer 44

◦ Highly valuing government intervention in economy to benefit the average citizen or “little guy”  But intervention must conform to traditional moral & social values ◦ Not being anti-capitalist, but also not trusting of elites ◦ Accepting of many assumptions of liberalism  Especially emphasizing individualism, equality of opportunity

Test 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1-3 (68 cards)