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Pharmacology 1 > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

excretion

A

removal of drug from the body

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2
Q

ways of excretion

A

RENAL

  • glomerular filtration
  • passive reabsorption
  • active transport

and non renal

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3
Q

Adverse Drug Reactions ADR

A

any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at a normal drug dose

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4
Q

where are ADRs most common

A

elderly >60 (50%) of ADR

very young

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5
Q

the more _____ that an individual consumes, the more ADRs they will have

A

drugs

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6
Q

ADR’s are the _______ leading cause of death

A

4th

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7
Q

side effect

A

unavoidable secondary drug effect produces at therapeutic doses

Example- NSAIDS cause ulcers

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8
Q

toxicity

A

any severe ADR regardless of the dose

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9
Q

immune response

A

allergic reaction

mild rash>anaphylactic reaction>skin peel off

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10
Q

idiosyncratic effect

A

uncommon drug response resulting from genetic predisposition

example succetylcholine is supposed to last 4-5 min, instead, it would last hours

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11
Q

Iatrogenic Disease

A

disease produced by drugs (our fault)

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12
Q

carcinogenic effect

A

drugs cause cancer

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13
Q

teratogenic

A

causing malformations of an embryo or fetus.

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14
Q

Medwatch

A

FDA Medical Products Reporting Program for ADR stage 4 clinical trials

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15
Q

When you have an ADR, always think _____ first

A

drug

could the drug have caused the reaction

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16
Q

Med Errors

A

any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm, while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer

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17
Q

True or False

Fatal drug errors are caused by only overdoses.

A

false

caused by:
Overdoses
Wrong Drug
Wrong Route

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18
Q

When an med error occurs, you don’t have to report it unless it causes harm to the patient.

True or False

A

false

even have to report near misses. This is why the FDA may change the name of the drug because it gets confused with another. If near misses were not reported, the FDA would not know that there was a problem

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19
Q

tolerance

A

decrease responsiveness to drug as a result of repeated drug administration

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20
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

patient requires increase drug levels to produce effects that could formerly be produced at decreased drug levels

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21
Q

tachyphylaxis

A

reduction in responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short period of time

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22
Q

placebo effect

A

the component of the drug response that is caused by physiologic factors and not by the biochemical or physical properties of the drug

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23
Q

positive placebo effect

A

patient reports feeling better without actual medication

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24
Q

provide ______ treatment for the mother while avoiding ___ to the fetus

A

effective; harm

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25
Q

what kind of drug do you want to give to a mother so that it will not cross through the placenta to the baby?

A

polar, ionized, hydrolipophilic, max. protein bound

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26
Q

When are medications the most dangerous to take during pregnancy?

A

1st trimester; 3-8 weeks; embryonic period

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27
Q

During pregnancy, when would you see birth defects take place?

A

2nd trimester

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28
Q

Drugs that are in category ____ are safe to consume while pregnant

A

A

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29
Q

Drugs that are in category ____ are not safe to consume while pregnant

A

X

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30
Q

When breast feeding when do you want to take a drug?

A

right after feeding and we want drugs with a short half life

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31
Q

How many half lives until a steady state is reached?

A

4

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32
Q

Enzyme inducer

A

Decrease levels of object drug

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33
Q

What is the number 1 method of drug excretion in the body?

A

Renal

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34
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced

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35
Q

Relative potency

A

Refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit an effect

36
Q

Ceiling Effect

A

when you have raised a drugs dose to its maximum therapeutic level, and raising it more will have no additional effect

37
Q

Partial agonist

A

Can act as both an antagonist and agonist

38
Q

ED50

A

Effective Dose in about 50% of the population

39
Q

LD50 (study in animals)

A

Lethal dose in 50% of population

40
Q

Drug

A

any chemical agent that affects the processes of living

41
Q

pharmacology

A

the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

42
Q

pharmacotherapy

A

use of drugs in the treatment and prevention of disease or conditions

43
Q

therapeutic objective

A

provide maximum benefit with minimum harm

44
Q

Toxic concentration

A

The plasma level where toxicity begins

45
Q

what are the 9 characteristics of the ideal drug?

A 
effective MOST IMPORTANT
safety
selective-perfect drug is 100% effective
reversibility
predictable
easily administered
void of drug interactions
inexpensive
chemically stable
46
Q

individual variation

A

every patient is unique

47
Q

The more narrow the therapeutic index, the more _______ the drug is.

A

dangerous

48
Q

The Food and Drug Cosmetic Act

A

1st legislation to regulate drug safety

49
Q

Controlled Substances Act

A

drugs with potential abuse must be tightly regulated

50
Q

Enzyme inducer

A

Tells enzymes to metabolize drug faster

51
Q

Enzyme inhibitor

A

Stop the breakdown of other drug

52
Q

What is the most common way that a drug moves throughout the body

A

through direct penetration of a membrane

53
Q

What characteristics does a drug need to have for it to be able to pass freely though membranes

A

nonpolar
nonionized
lipophilic
minimal protein bound

54
Q

If a drug could not freely pass through membranes, what characteristics would it have

A

polar
ionized
hydrophilic
maximal protein bound

55
Q

are trade vs. generic drugs created equal?

A

yes within 5%

56
Q

The larger the surface area,

A

the greater the absorption

57
Q

drugs move from ___ concentrations to ___ concentrations

A

high to low

58
Q

advantages of enteral medications

A

reversible
easy
safe
inexpensive

59
Q

Maximal efficacy

A

The largest effect a drug can produce

60
Q

advantages of parenteral medication

A

precise control
no barriers to absorption
emergencies large volume

61
Q

Receptor

A

any functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds to produce it’s effects

62
Q

Loading doses

A

Large initial doses used rapidly to achieve a therapeutic level

63
Q

Agonist

A

Stimulate receptors

64
Q

Antagonists

A

Block receptors

65
Q

volume distribution

A

the movement of drugs throughout the body (from the blood to the tissues)

66
Q

What are the 2 rules for drugs?

A

1) all they can do is mimic/block to the body’s own process

2) cannot give new functions

67
Q

acceleration of renal excretion is a major part of

A

metabolism/biotransfusion

68
Q

Receptor down regulation (desensitization)

A

Decrease number of receptors

69
Q

what is the most important function of the liver?

A

acceleration of renal excretion (metabolism)

70
Q

Up Regulation

A

Increase number of receptors

71
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

72
Q

IV medication given at 0800 on monday with a 24 hour half life, when would steady state be reached?

A

Friday 0800

73
Q

The Food and Drug Cosmetic Act

A

new drugs undergo testing for toxicity reviewed by FDA

74
Q

Therapeutic range

A

Space between the Minimum effective concentration and toxic concentration

75
Q

How are controlled substances scheduled?

A

I-worse; no medicinal value and greatest potential for abuse (heroine, meth)

II-medicinal abuse and greatest potential for abuse (dilaudid, percocet, ritalin, morphine)

III-
IV-
V-cough syrup, steroids

76
Q

What is the most reliable way to evaluate all new drugs

A

randomized controlled trial RCT

features controlled blinding, and randomization

77
Q

Name the three ways that drugs move

A

channels and pores
active transport
direct penetration of membrane

78
Q

an acid in acid is

A

nonionized

79
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the effects of the body on the drug

80
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

the effects of the drug on the body

81
Q

disadvantages of enteral medication

A 
GI toxicity
variable absorption (not as predictable as IV)
first pass affect (liver wipe out)
82
Q

disadvantages of parenteral medication

A

infection
irreversible
embolism
fluid overload

83
Q

Half life

A

time required for amount of drug in the body to decline by 50%

84
Q

Steady state

A

Point at which the amount of drug eliminated between doses equals the amount of drug administered

85
Q

Minimum effective concentration

A

the minimum amount of a drug needed to produce a therapeutic effect

86
Q

what happens during pharmacodynamic tolerance?

A

The minimum effective concentration rises

Pharmacology 1 (6 decks)

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