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Pharmacology 1 > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

excretion

A

removal of drug from the body

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2
Q

ways of excretion

A

RENAL

  • glomerular filtration
  • passive reabsorption
  • active transport

and non renal

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3
Q

Adverse Drug Reactions ADR

A

any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at a normal drug dose

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4
Q

where are ADRs most common

A

elderly >60 (50%) of ADR

very young

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5
Q

the more _____ that an individual consumes, the more ADRs they will have

A

drugs

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6
Q

ADR’s are the _______ leading cause of death

A

4th

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7
Q

side effect

A

unavoidable secondary drug effect produces at therapeutic doses

Example- NSAIDS cause ulcers

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8
Q

toxicity

A

any severe ADR regardless of the dose

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9
Q

immune response

A

allergic reaction

mild rash>anaphylactic reaction>skin peel off

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10
Q

idiosyncratic effect

A

uncommon drug response resulting from genetic predisposition

example succetylcholine is supposed to last 4-5 min, instead, it would last hours

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11
Q

Iatrogenic Disease

A

disease produced by drugs (our fault)

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12
Q

carcinogenic effect

A

drugs cause cancer

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13
Q

teratogenic

A

causing malformations of an embryo or fetus.

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14
Q

Medwatch

A

FDA Medical Products Reporting Program for ADR stage 4 clinical trials

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15
Q

When you have an ADR, always think _____ first

A

drug

could the drug have caused the reaction

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16
Q

Med Errors

A

any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm, while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer

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17
Q

True or False

Fatal drug errors are caused by only overdoses.

A

false

caused by:
Overdoses
Wrong Drug
Wrong Route

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18
Q

When an med error occurs, you don’t have to report it unless it causes harm to the patient.

True or False

A

false

even have to report near misses. This is why the FDA may change the name of the drug because it gets confused with another. If near misses were not reported, the FDA would not know that there was a problem

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19
Q

tolerance

A

decrease responsiveness to drug as a result of repeated drug administration

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20
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

patient requires increase drug levels to produce effects that could formerly be produced at decreased drug levels

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21
Q

tachyphylaxis

A

reduction in responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short period of time

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22
Q

placebo effect

A

the component of the drug response that is caused by physiologic factors and not by the biochemical or physical properties of the drug

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23
Q

positive placebo effect

A

patient reports feeling better without actual medication

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24
Q

provide ______ treatment for the mother while avoiding ___ to the fetus

A

effective; harm

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25
what kind of drug do you want to give to a mother so that it will not cross through the placenta to the baby?
polar, ionized, hydrolipophilic, max. protein bound
26
When are medications the most dangerous to take during pregnancy?
1st trimester; 3-8 weeks; embryonic period
27
During pregnancy, when would you see birth defects take place?
2nd trimester
28
Drugs that are in category ____ are safe to consume while pregnant
A
29
Drugs that are in category ____ are not safe to consume while pregnant
X
30
When breast feeding when do you want to take a drug?
right after feeding and we want drugs with a short half life
31
How many half lives until a steady state is reached?
4
32
Enzyme inducer
Decrease levels of object drug
33
What is the number 1 method of drug excretion in the body?
Renal
34
Pharmacodynamics
The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced
35
Relative potency
Refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit an effect
36
Ceiling Effect
when you have raised a drugs dose to its maximum therapeutic level, and raising it more will have no additional effect
37
Partial agonist
Can act as both an antagonist and agonist
38
ED50
Effective Dose in about 50% of the population
39
LD50 (study in animals)
Lethal dose in 50% of population
40
Drug
any chemical agent that affects the processes of living
41
pharmacology
the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
42
pharmacotherapy
use of drugs in the treatment and prevention of disease or conditions
43
therapeutic objective
provide maximum benefit with minimum harm
44
Toxic concentration
The plasma level where toxicity begins
45
what are the 9 characteristics of the ideal drug?
``` effective MOST IMPORTANT safety selective-perfect drug is 100% effective reversibility predictable easily administered void of drug interactions inexpensive chemically stable ```
46
individual variation
every patient is unique
47
The more narrow the therapeutic index, the more _______ the drug is.
dangerous
48
The Food and Drug Cosmetic Act
1st legislation to regulate drug safety
49
Controlled Substances Act
drugs with potential abuse must be tightly regulated
50
Enzyme inducer
Tells enzymes to metabolize drug faster
51
Enzyme inhibitor
Stop the breakdown of other drug
52
What is the most common way that a drug moves throughout the body
through direct penetration of a membrane
53
What characteristics does a drug need to have for it to be able to pass freely though membranes
nonpolar nonionized lipophilic minimal protein bound
54
If a drug could not freely pass through membranes, what characteristics would it have
polar ionized hydrophilic maximal protein bound
55
are trade vs. generic drugs created equal?
yes within 5%
56
The larger the surface area,
the greater the absorption
57
drugs move from ___ concentrations to ___ concentrations
high to low
58
advantages of enteral medications
reversible easy safe inexpensive
59
Maximal efficacy
The largest effect a drug can produce
60
advantages of parenteral medication
precise control no barriers to absorption emergencies large volume
61
Receptor
any functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds to produce it's effects
62
Loading doses
Large initial doses used rapidly to achieve a therapeutic level
63
Agonist
Stimulate receptors
64
Antagonists
Block receptors
65
volume distribution
the movement of drugs throughout the body (from the blood to the tissues)
66
What are the 2 rules for drugs?
1) all they can do is mimic/block to the body's own process | 2) cannot give new functions
67
acceleration of renal excretion is a major part of
metabolism/biotransfusion
68
Receptor down regulation (desensitization)
Decrease number of receptors
69
what is the most important function of the liver?
acceleration of renal excretion (metabolism)
70
Up Regulation
Increase number of receptors
71
pharmacokinetics
the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
72
IV medication given at 0800 on monday with a 24 hour half life, when would steady state be reached?
Friday 0800
73
The Food and Drug Cosmetic Act
new drugs undergo testing for toxicity reviewed by FDA
74
Therapeutic range
Space between the Minimum effective concentration and toxic concentration
75
How are controlled substances scheduled?
I-worse; no medicinal value and greatest potential for abuse (heroine, meth) II-medicinal abuse and greatest potential for abuse (dilaudid, percocet, ritalin, morphine) III- IV- V-cough syrup, steroids
76
What is the most reliable way to evaluate all new drugs
randomized controlled trial RCT features controlled blinding, and randomization
77
Name the three ways that drugs move
channels and pores active transport direct penetration of membrane
78
an acid in acid is
nonionized
79
pharmacokinetics
the effects of the body on the drug
80
pharmacodynamics
the effects of the drug on the body
81
disadvantages of enteral medication
``` GI toxicity variable absorption (not as predictable as IV) first pass affect (liver wipe out) ```
82
disadvantages of parenteral medication
infection irreversible embolism fluid overload
83
Half life
time required for amount of drug in the body to decline by 50%
84
Steady state
Point at which the amount of drug eliminated between doses equals the amount of drug administered
85
Minimum effective concentration
the minimum amount of a drug needed to produce a therapeutic effect
86
what happens during pharmacodynamic tolerance?
The minimum effective concentration rises

Pharmacology 1 (6 decks)

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