Hazards and natural processes: 1. Result of _______ ________ 2. Become hazardous when they ____________________ 3._______ not within our _____ 4. best solution is ________

1. natural processes 2. interfere with human activity 3. not within our control 4. preparation

Test 1 Flashcards by Myla Wujcik

A natural process and event that is a potential threat to human life and property.

The process is not a ____ but becomes so due to human use of land

Hazard

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A hazardous event that occurs over a limited time span within a defined area

Disaster

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Criteria for a Disaster (4)

-Ten or more ppl killed
-100+ people are effected
-state of emergency is declared
-International assistance is required

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a massive disaster that requires significant expenditures of time and money for recovery

Catastrophe

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probability of event occurring multiplied by impact on people and property

Risk

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________ ________ caused economically well developed countries to ______ _______ and possessions and cause economically less developed countries to lose _______,______, and ______.

-Natural Disasters
-Lose money
-Lives, medical, and shelter

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T or F
Natural hazards are repetitive

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T or F
History of an area does not give clues to potential hazards

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Hazards and natural processes:

Result of _______ ________
Become hazardous when they ____________________
3._______ not within our _____
best solution is ________

natural processes
interfere with human activity
not within our control
preparation

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the advance determination of the date, time, and size of the event

Prediction

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an announcement that states a particular event is likely to occur during a particular time interval, often with a statement of the degree of its probablity

Forecast

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Hazardous Reduction

history of an area, hazard maps, detailed local mapping

Location

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Hazardous Reduction

development of statistical methods to estimate the likelihood of an event occuring.

Probability of Occurrence

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Hazardous Reduction

a physical, biological, or chemical phenomenon that occurs before a hazardous event

precursor events

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the announcement of a possible hazardous event that could occur in the near future

Warning

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damages to people, property, economics, etc…

Consequences

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the amount of risk that an individual or society is willing to take

Acceptable risks

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Direct or Indirect Effect?

a change that follows an event without any intervening factors

Direct

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Direct or Indirect Effect?

a change that depends on intervening factors

Indirect

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_________effects all of us. It is the unifying theory of geology.

Ties together many seemingly unrelated geologic phenomena and illustrating why earth is a dynamic planet of interacting subsystems and cycles

Plate Tectonics

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Protoearth

-larger than ______
-___________ composition
-bombarded by _________
-heat from _________
-________ ________ heat

earth

homogenous

meteorites

contraction

radio active

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Earths Interior and Layers
1 and 2

crust, mantle, core
lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core

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The _______ is:
-1200km+
-small, solid inner region
-a larger liquid outer portion
-high density mainly iron and nickel

Core

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Tectonics

The large scale of ________ processes that _______ earths ______________ producing land forms such as oceans, basins, and continents

geological

deforms
lithosphere

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Tectonic processes are driven by _______ within ______. These processes are apart of the _______ systems of earths system

forces earth tectonic

The theory of _____ _____ is a fundamental foundation for the ______________. (explains the surface features of earth)

Plate tectonic geosciences

________ consisted of a ______ landmass called Laurasia and _________ landmass called Gondwana

Pangea northern southern

Wegeners Theory of Continental Drift

continents move around on earths surface and that they were once joined together as a single super continent

Evidence for Wgeners Theory

fit of continents paleoclimate indicators truncated geologic features fossils

Extra Evidence to wagoners theory

Pangea 200 mill yrs ago pathalassa - one large ocean similarity in rocks sequences -distribution of organisms -GLOSSOPTERIS FERN AND MESOSAURUS

Objections to C. Drift Hostile ______ and open ridicule T_____ G________ attractions too small The __________ was correct in principle, however, processed __________ defies the laws of physics

criticisms Tidal Gravitational hypothesis mechanisms

C. Drift It was the research obtained from ___________ and the exploration of the __________ which proved the evidence to ______ movements and ocean floor spreading

paleomagnitism seafloor plate

the remnant magnetism in ancient rocks and intensity of earths magnetic field at the time of the rocks formation

Paleomagnitism

Evidence of magnetic reversals and sea floor spreading earths present _____ _______ is considered normal Normal- with the __ and __ magnetic poles located aprox. at the __ and S _________ poles Earths magnetic poles ______ periodically

N S N Geographic reverse

__________ most occur at subduction zones. ________ activity mirrors _______ _______ _________.

earthquakes tectonic plate boundaries

What Type of Plate Boundary? plates converge producing a subduction zone, mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes

Convergent

What Type of Plate Boundary? Plates diverge at mid-ocean ridges

Divergent

What Type of Plate Boundary? plates more lateral passing each other between seafloor and spreading centres

Transform

Types of Convergent Boundaries: Oceanic 1 and 2

1. continental convergence 2. Oceanic convergence

Types of Convergent Boundaries: Continental

Continental convergence

__________ __________:the denser _______ plate _____ or sinks beneath the _____ continental plate. This process can lead to the formation of deep sea ______ and volcanic arcs on the continental side

subduction zones oceanic lighter trenches

________ ________: sediment and material for the oceanic plate are ______ off and ______ on the _______ plate at the _______ boundary. This can create complex geological _____ and contribute to mountain buildings.

Accretionary Wedges Scraped Accumulate Oceanic Formations

Involves the formation of mountain ranges due to the collision and compression of 2 continental plates

Orogenic processes

___________:The collision leads to the thickening of the continental crust, which can result in ______, _______ and the formation of complex geological structures. This can also trigger ______ activity when stress accumulates along its faults

crustal thickening and deformation folding, faulting seismic

Oceanic Transform Fault

Ocean floor only

Continental transform fault

cuts across continent

Transforms fault occur between mid ocean ridges and segments

san andreas fault

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions

Paleogeography

______ _______ provided one of the first proofs for plate tectonics.

Fossil Evidence

The world's plants and animals occupy biotic provinces controlled by mostly: 1: 2: 3:

Cliamate Geographic Barries Location controlled by plate movement

The consequences of earthquakes rely on: (6)

magnitude depth distance from population centres building codes and infrastructure soil type preparedness and response

Toll of EQ ____ are a result of rupture of rocks along a ______

earthquakes, fault

Toll of EQ Energy is released in the form of _____ waves, mapped according to the _______ of the ________

Seismic location faults

Toll of EQ The ____ is directly below the _______

focus epicenter

Toll of EQ depth of focus refers to the _______ distance from the earths ______ to the focus of the ________

vertical surface EQ

Earthquakes are measured by _______ and are compared based on _____ and ______

seismographs magnitude intensity

Fault Movements: offset rocks in a vertical motion due to compressed/tensional stress

Dip Slip

Fault Movements: identified by a downward movement of the hanging wall

Normal Fault

Fault Movements: offsets blocks of crust in a horizontal direction due to shearing stress

Strike slip faults

Fault Movements: identified by an upward movement of the hanging wall

reverse fault

Fault Movements: Blind Faults

-mountain building process -do not reach the surface -difficult ti evaluate eq risk

Fault Activity Movement during the past 11,600 years

active

fault activity movement during the past 2.6 million years

potentially active

fault activity no moevement during the past 2.6 million years

inactive

fault activity movement along fault is gradual, eq not felt

creeping, aseismic

a wave produced by sudden displacement of rocks along a fault; seismic waves move along the surface of earth

seismic waves

Types of body waves

Primary and Secondary

type of wave longitudinal fast seismic wave, traveling at 5-8km/s can move through S,L,G

primary/compressional

type of wave transverse waves that move through the ground up and down and or side to side only travel through S

Secondary/shear

________ ________ travel along earths surface horizontally and vertically slower than body waves responsible for damage near epicentre

seismic waves

Love waves

horizontal shaking

Rayleigh waves

rolling waves, elliptical motion

at least __________ stations are needed to find the exact epicentre of an eq

3 seismographs

the distance to epicentre can be found by comparing travel timed of the eq using ______

seismographs

The place where all 3 circles intersect in the epicentre

triangulation

_______ influences the amount of shaking due to the ________

focal depth, attentuation

indicated boundaries between layers of different densities called discontinunities

seismic reflection

The earthquake cycle The four stages

quisent interseismic foreshocks major shock

quisent stage

long period of inactivity

inactive period where stress builds in the vault, accumulated elastic strain produces small earthquakes

interseismic stage

period of small eqs where stress begins to release, causing strain. hours or days before big eq, may not occur

foreshock

Effects of earthquake shaking surface and rupture

primary

effects of earthquake liquefaction, changes in land level, landslides, fire, tsunami, and disease

secondary

distance below the earths surface where an earthquake originates

depth of focus

the geologic location or the surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

direction of epicenter

the substances of components used to make objects or structures. waves are fast in bedrock and slow in more unconsolidated materials. amplified unconsolidated materials

materials

earthquakes on the seafloor that can generate deadly waves, such as the ones that hit that Japanese coast in 2011

tsunami

3 types of earthquakes caused by humans

loading earths crust liquid waste disposal nuclear explosions

Forcasts and predictions pattern and ________ deformation of ______ ______ ______ _________ along faults geo_______ and geo______ changes

frequency ground surface Seismic gaps physical, chemical

Zoopathic Prediction

The belief that amimals can predict earthquakes

Evidence to zoopathic prediction

-signs of nervousness -studys done in Japan and china -psychological focusing effect

psychological focusing effect

tendency for individuals to concentrate on a specific event or threat, often leading to heightened awareness/anxiety about the issue

Earthquake warnings _____ _____ ____help geologists in determining the _________ and potential ________ of future earthquakes bases on _______ of past earthquakes

seismic risk maps likelihood severity intensity

Tsunamis are triggered by:

underwater landslides asteroids submarine volcanic explosions volcano flank collapse

how fast do tsunamis move in deep ocean

700kkm/hr

Tsunamis near land depth of ocean ______, slowing tsunami waves to __km/hr more water piles up increasing _______ and _____ moves inland destroying everything can be ____ of ___ high run up

decrease 45 amplitude and frequency tens of meters

furthest horizontal and vertical distance to the largest wave

run up

Primary effects of tsunamis

Shortens coastline debris errors the land and damages infrastructure diminish with distance from coast death

Secondary effects of tsunamis

fires contamination disease

Test 1 Flashcards

(99 cards)