Test 1 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Status offense
an action that is only prohibited for a specific group of people
Disproportionate Minority Confinement
(DMC)
rates of contact with the juvenile justice system among juveniles of a specific minority group that are significantly different from rates of contact for white juveniles.
positivism
empirically identify the causes of crime, emphasizing personal, social, or environmental factors
Classical Criminology
Free will; Based on the idea that individuals act rationally, weighing the benefits and consequences of their actions
Rational Choice Theory
crime is a result of calculated decisions, where individuals weigh the risks and rewards
Social Contract
theory, model, or idea that describes an agreement between a government and its people, or between individuals forming a society
Neoclassical Criminology
the decision to commit a crime is an individual choice based on the potential benefits and costs of that crime;
Hedonistic Calculus
a method for evaluating the morality of an action by calculating the amount of pleasure and pain it produces
Born Criminal
criminality is inherited and can be identified by physical characteristics
Conditionability
the quality of being subject to one or more conditions or requirements being met.
Somatotype Theory
biological theory of criminology that classifies people into body types and associates them with personality traits and criminal behavior
Psychoanalytic Theory
Ego, ID, Superego
Psychopathic Personality
cold, manipulative, antisocial, and narcissistic
Social Disorganization Theory
social structures that impact a community level of desirability make it difficult for residents of the neighborhood to come together to create common goals,
Anomie
theory that explains how social conditions can lead to crime and deviant behavior
strain theory
proposal that pressure derived from social factors, such as lack of income or lack of quality education, drives individuals to commit crime
Collective efficacy
a shared belief that a group of people can work together to achieve a desired outcome
Cultural Transmission
the process of passing on cultural traits, values, and preferences from one generation to the next
Labeling Theory
suggests that how people are labeled by society can influence their behavior and self-identity
Neutralization Techniques
Denial of responsibility.
Denial of injury.
Denial of a victim.
Condemnation of the condemners.
Appeal to higher loyalties.
Social Control Theory
explores why people commit crimes
Self-Control Theory
theory that suggests that a lack of self-control is the main factor behind criminal behavior
Differential Association Theory
theory that explains how people learn criminal behavior through social interaction
