Test 1 Flashcards
rollin around at the speed of sound (42 cards)
What are the five guiding principles of human development?
Multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, influenced by multiple contexts, multidisciplinary
What are the key areas of multidimensionality?
Physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional
How is the physical aspect characterised in multidimensionality?
Body maturation and growth
How is the cognitive aspect characterised in multidemonsionality?
The maturation of thought processes and tools we use to obtain knowledge, become aware of the world, and solve problems
How is the socio-emotional aspect characterised in multidimensionality?
Changes in personality, emotions, views of oneself, social skills, and interpersonal relationship
How is multidirectional described?
Consists of both gains and losses, growth and decline, that fluctuates throughout lifespan
How is plasticity described?
The malleability/changeability and resilience of the brain
What does being influenced by multiple contexts mean?
Where and when a person develops, affected by physical, socio-environmental, and age-graded influences
What does multidisciplinary mean?
The contributions of many disciplines that are needed to understand how people grow, think, and interact with the world
What is continuous development?
A slow and gradual change
(Think a tree’s growth)
What is discontinuous development?
Abrupt changes
(Puberty, for example)
True or false: people are active contributors to their own development, but social contexts also influence development?
True
How does Freud’s Psychosexual Theory describe behaviour?
Driven by conscious and unconscious thought, assumes that a caregiver’s personality had influences on one’s personality and development
What are the two forms of behaviourist learning?
Classical and operant conditioning
Social learning theory
Learning by observing others
Observational learning (social learning theory)
People learn through observing and imitating models
Reciprocal determinism (social learning theory)
Individuals and environment interact and influence each other
Classical conditioning
Pairing an environmental stimulus with a physical response (discovered by Ivan Pavlov)
Operant conditioning
The probability of repeating behaviour associated with consequences, where reinforcement is followed by a pleasant outcome, and punishment is followed by an unpleasant outcome
Associated with BF Skinner (think Skinner’s box)
What are the two major cognitive theories?
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory and Information Processing Theory
How does Piaget characterise the role people have in their development?
They’re active explorers of their world, learning thorough interaction, and most importantly. developing and organising their ideas into schemas
What are schemas?
Concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting with the world
What are the four stages of Piaget’s development?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
How does Vygotsky characterise development?
It is similar to Piaget’s, but argues we cannot ignore context. Thinks that people can expand their abilities based on context, and primarily examines how culture is transmitted from one generation to another through social interactions.
