test 1 Flashcards
chapters 1-6 (56 cards)
1
Q
Sex
A
physical and biological characteristics relating to reproductive anatomy
2
Q
Gender
A
physiological characteristics and social categories that culture creates
3
Q
cisgender
A
gender identity matches sex at birth
4
Q
transgender
A
gender identity does not match sex at birth
5
Q
‘doing gender’
A
gender is active and dynamic and we all take part in it
6
Q
social biases
1. sexism
2. racism
3. classism
4. ableism
5. heterosexism
6. ageism
A
- bias against people based on gender
- bias based on race
- bias based on social class
- bias against people with disabilities
- bias against people who are not heterosexual
- bias based on age
7
Q
feminism
A
women and men should be socially, economically, and legally equal
8
Q
different types of feminism
1. liberal feminism
2. cultural feminism
3. radical feminism
4. women-of-colour feminism
A
- emphasizes the goal of gender equality, giving women and men the same rights and opportunities.
- emphasizes the positive qualities that are presumes to be stronger in women than men.
- women’s oppression lies deep in the entire sex and gender system rather than in laws and policies.
- must pay attention to other human dimensions - race, class…
9
Q
the similarities perspective
1. definition
2. social constructivism
A
- women and men are generally similar in intellect and social skills
- individuals and cultures construct their own versions of reality based on experience, interactions, and beliefs.
10
Q
the differences perspective
1. definition
2. essentialism
A
- women and men are generally different in intellect and social skills
- gender is a basic unchangeable characteristic that lives within an individual
11
Q
Pyke - 1970’s
A
psychology of women created in Canada because research was being refused
12
Q
- white privilege
- white as normative concept
A
- white people given certain privileges
- being white is the normal standard in us and canada
13
Q
intersectionality
A
each person belongs to multiple social groups based on race, class, gender….
14
Q
operational definition
statistical significance
A
how researches will measure a variable in a study
results likely not just because of chance
15
Q
androcentrism
A
the male experience is treated as the norm
16
Q
- communion
- agency
A
- concern for your relationship with other people
- concern with your own self interest
17
Q
- explicit gender stereotypes
- implicit gender stereotypes
A
- the kind you supply when you are aware you are being tested
- automatic stereotypes when you are not aware your are being tested
18
Q
- hostile sexism
- benevolent sexism
- ambivalent sexism
A
- women inferior and should know their place
- argues for women’s special niceness and purity
- combines both of these
19
Q
heterosexism
A
belief system that devalues lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals
20
Q
social cognitive approach
A
stereotypes are belief systems which guide the way we process information
21
Q
meta analysis
A
pools data from different datasets - best type of gender related research
22
Q
bias can influence the 5 ____
- how?
A
research stages.
formulating the hypothesis
designing the study
performing the study
coding data
communicating findings
23
Q
theoretical perspectives of gender identification. The “what”.
1.
2.
3.
A
- psychodynamic theory
- evolutionary
- social perspectives
24
Q
psychodynamic theory
A
psychological forces underlying human behaviour - the unconscious
emphasis on identification with mother or father
*phallocentric - contact with father most important
25
Karen Horney female neo-freudian
believed in the role of the unconscious but identification with mother most important - gynocentric
26
evolutionary theory
The importance of one's family genes surviving. Men were hunters and leaders and women were to have children.
27
social / structural / cultural theory
gender roles due to male power and status
28
1. X chromosome
2. X or Y chromosome
3. androgen
4. estrogen
1. from mom
2. from dad
3. male sex hormone
4. female sex hormone
29
sex and gender binaries
sex: male or female
gender: masculine or feminine
- two opposite nonoverlapping categories (essentialism)
- no concept of androgyny or transgender
30
Androgyny
possessing high levels or typical masculine and typical feminine traits (assertive and generous)
31
intersex individual
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Androgen insensitivity syndrome
born with sex characteristics that are not clearly female or male.
- genetic females get as much androgen as males do, making genitals look kinda masculine
- genetic males produce right amount of androgen, but their bodies do not respond to it. Lack a penis and labeled girls.
32
Optimal sex/gender policy
make physical appearance compatible with assigned sex. This is not good and should wait until the child can make the choice.
33
socially constructed boy and girl stereotypes
gendered gifts or treatment of infants for example.
34
Social learning approach
Criticism:
children rewarded for gender appropriate behaviour and punished for inappropriate.
Modeling: children learn by imitating people - from their own gender category
parents treat boys and girl similar but they still act stereotypically. Because peers also influence
35
Cognitive developmental approach
Criticism:
children create their own thoughts about gender.
Schema: a concept used to organize thoughts - like gender
stage theory
States child must know their gender before they act stereotypically. Not true, girls will play with dolls before they know they are a girl.
36
Gender schema theory
a blend of both, and the gold standard. Children ;earn male and female roles from their culture, but also develop a gender schema very young.
37
How children develop their gender identity theories. The "why"
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. social learning
2. cognitive development
3. the gender schema theory
4. the social interactional theories - importance of interaction and self-fulfilling prophecy
38
1. Menarche
2. Spermarche
3. secondary sex characteristics
1. your first period - coming younger now
2. 1st time producing sperm/ejeculating
3. breasts, facial hair, pubic hair..
39
1. dysmenorrhea
2. prostaglandins
3. PMS
1. cramps
2. substances that produce just before period, and cause cramps
3. a very controversial topic and many studies include bias
40
1. Identity
2. Self-esteem
3. chilly classroom climate
1. self rating of personal characteristics
2. a measure of how much you like and value yourself
3. female students receive a message from teachers that this is a male dominated environment and they are not welcome.
41
Box scores
something like 3-1. very ambiguous and simple but easy.
42
Meta-analysis
the gold standard. You can make statements but can have bias because you pick what studies are chosen.
43
women vs. men
1. general intelligence
2. sensation and perception
3. learning and memory
4. verbal skills
5. spatial skills
6. spatial perception
1. no differences
2. women do better at fast processing. Women more sensitive to hand pressure and men more visually sensitive. men have more trouble forming a visual image.
3. women sometimes do better bc they are better at describing
4. differences are minimal
5. the same
6. men slightly better, why they had jobs like pilot or doctor
44
1. gender and genetic factors
2. hormones
3. lateralization
1. no evidence that genes produce cognitive gender differences
2. no clear effects
3. little evidence of men having more complete lateralization
45
Gender cognitive differences based on __
social explanations, experience
46
social cognitive comparisons
1
2
3
4
5
1. training and experience
2. gender-role socialization
3. achievement motivation
4. self-confidence
5. attributions
47
Achievement motivation
used to be thought that women feared success but really both genders have similar intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
48
Self-confidence
no big differences but depends on task, the setting, and personal characteristics *stereotype threat
49
Attributions
ability, effort, task easiness, and luck
the setting, task and age can all influence
50
Training and experience
what is offered in school, what sports or hobbies?
51
Gender-role socialization
socially taught to behave in accordance with their gender - gender stereotypes
52
examples of no genetic reason but socially learned
turner's syndrome and XYY chromosomes - wasn't their disorder, but because they were raised differently they had lower intelligence
53
Confounds - gender differences largest when....
1
2
3
4
1. self-report is used
2. other people are present
3. gender is a prominent factor
4. behaviour is specific gender related skills
54
1. helping behaviours
2. altruism
3. nuturance
1. little difference - depends the task
2. depends the circumstance
3. little difference but stereotype is women
55
empathy gender comparison
equal when physiological measures and nonverbal measures
different when based on self report - men wont say their empathetic
56
relational aggression
intentionally manipulating relationships - girls do more
