Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cognitive Processes > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(117 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is Cognition?

A

Scientific study of the mind and its mental processes and operations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do Psychologists measure what hey cannot see?

A

From input (the stimuli) and output (our responses).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Franciscus Donders

A

Studied mental chronometry and calculated decision time using: Choice RT - Simple RT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Father of experimental psychology. Utilized analytical introspection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Self tested study on memory.
Inveted recall method.
Forgetting curve and loss of savings declined over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

William James

A

Father of American Psychology.
Workings related to the topics of this class.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mary Calkins

A

Student of William James.
Discovered the receny effect.
First female prez of APA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hermann George Canady

A

examiner race influences IQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

George Sanchez

A

cultural bias in IQ.
worked on mental measurements and bilingual edu.
founded chicano psychology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Scientific study of objective and observable behavior; excludes subjective processes.
Resulted from Wundt’s analytic introspection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

John Watson

A

Founded behaviorism.
Rejected analytical introspection.
Little Albert Experiment using classical conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Little Albert Experiment

A

Deomstrated that behavior can be analyzed wo reference to the brain using classical conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

BF Skinner

A

Behaviorist who accepts cognitive processes. Believed mental events were triggered by external environment stimuli which resulted in various behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Shape behaviors with reward or punishment. Used by BF Skinner to prove his point.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A

shift from behaviorism to an approach focused on understanding the mind. Influenced by dissatisfaction with behaviorism, rise of tech, and demands of war.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cognitive revolution: dissatisfaction w behaviorism

A

behaviorism cannot explain complex cognitive processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cognitive Rev: Edward Tolman

A

Cognitive Map of space using rats.
Was a behaviorist whose work challened behaviorist ideas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cognitive Rev: Noam Chomsky

A

Children have an inborn ability to learn language so experience isn’t the only factor contributing to it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cognitive Rev: rise of tech

A

presence of digital computers and telephones on campuses suggested a new way of thinking: mind was a metaphor of computer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Information processing approach

A

way to study the mind based on insights associated with the digital computer. A core feature of model cognitive psychology. Mind and computer have operations that occur in stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cog Rev: demands of war

A

WWII resulted in cognitive problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Human Factors Engineering

A

the design of an equipment is suited for peoples’ cognitive capabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

person-machine system

A

person operated machine must be designed to interact with people’s physical, cognitive, and motivational capacities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neisser

A

Published the first Cog Psych book

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Current Cognitive Psych
How the mind works; is interdisciplinary.
26
Cognitive Neuroscience
the scientific study of the biological basis of cognition; began during the cog rev when increases in physiological research occurred. links behavior to neural systems at many levels of analysis.
27
Neurons
cells specialized to create, receive, and transmit info in the nervous system basic building blocks of the brain variety in shapes and sizes
28
nerve net theory
neurons are interconnected, allowing for continuous communication
29
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
father of modern neuroscience discovered that neurons have three basic parts and transmit signals investigated tissues of newborn animals and saw that they had less cell density (neurons weren't touching) disproved nerve net theory
30
neuron doctrine
individual neurons are not connected, instead, they transmit signals to one another
31
cell body
contains mechanisms to keep the cell alive (metabolic center)
32
dendrites
branches from the cell body that receive information from other neurons
33
axon
nerve fiber that transmits electrical signal to other neurons
34
action potential
nerve impulse electro-chemical signals that travel down an axon and gets transmitted to other neurons
35
electro
part of the action potential gets transmitted electrically within the neuron
36
chemical
when the action potential is transmitted across neurons, this happens chemically through the release of neurotransmitters
37
action potential: electrical signal
action potential become this after dendrites send it to the axon terminal
38
action potential shape
a characteristic waveform
39
resting potential
electrical charge inside the neuron when it is doing "nothing" (the charge inside is 70mV less than outside the cell) (at rest)
40
depolarization phase
when the electrical charge on the cell membrane exceeds -55mV treshold (excitation of neuron is the start of action potential) (adjacent tissues are depolarized - how the action spreads along the neuron)
41
repolarization phase
time when another action potential cannot be generated (refractory period) (membrane potential goes below resting potential - called undershoot - before reaching resting potential again)
42
action potential: chemical signal
action potentials become this after axon terminals send it to dendrites
43
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers action potential in the aon triggers the release of this into the synapse
44
two key features of an action potential that influence information processing
summation and all-or-none
45
summation
the threshold for excitation is summed acorss space and time, because one dendrite may not be enough to reach the threshold to trigger the action potential
46
all-or-none
action potentials have one strength neurons can vary in their firing rate, but not their firing amplitude
47
principle of neural representation
everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system cognitice neuroscience in based on this principle
48
specifity coding
represent stimuli by firing patterns of a single neuron
49
feature detectors
neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus (specifity coding) exists in primary sensory areas of the brain (one neuron responds to this, another neuron to that, etc) difficult bc we experience too many unique stimuli for each to have their own neuron
50
distributed coding
represent stimuli by firing patterns of more than one neuron
51
population coding
represent stimuli by firing patterns across many neurons (distributed coding) problem: could create a lof of noise
52
sparse coding
represent stimuli by firing patterns across a few neurons (where most are silent) (distributed coding) hypothesis w most support
53
hierachical processing
info is processed via specificity coding in lower level brain regions (primary sensory) and via distributed coding in higher level brain regions (e.g. association cortex) currently hypothesized
54
localization of function
specific functions are served by specific parts of the brain some cognitive processes are distributed across brain regions one brain region is not the sole dectator of a certain function, although it can fluctuate performance
55
primary sensory cortex
receives input from the senses via the thalamus (except olfactory comes firectly from the olfactory bulb)
56
Broca's aphasia
language production; damage in this area results in issues w language production
57
wernicke's aphasia
language comprehension; damage in this area results in issues w language comprehension
58
Localization of function: language
work was relied on patients with specific lesions since it was done early on
59
Prosopagnosia
damage to the temporal lobe can result in face blindness - the inability to recognize human faces related to damage in the fusiform face area (discovered due to fMRI
60
distributed representation
most of our experiences are multidimensional coordination among brain regions is required for a coherent representation shown in fMRI
61
neural networks
interconnected areas of the brain that communicate with one another connect brain regions via complex structural pathways
62
perception
experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses necessary first step for other forms of cognition can change based on added info and is shaped by experience involves a similar process to reasoning or problem solving complex process - hard to mimic
63
sensation
stimulation of the senses perception is derived from sensation sensation produces visual stimulation, but perception makes sense of it
64
vision - what we see
perception
65
light waves absorbed by photos in retina
sensation
66
audition - what we hear
perception
67
smell - what we smell
perception
68
sound waves disturn basilar membrane in ear
sensation
69
chemical molecules absorbed in olfactory epithelium
sensation
70
taste - what we taste
perception
71
chemical molecules make contact with taste buds
sensation
72
touch
perception
73
pressure/vibration stimulate receptor cells in dermis
sensation
74
visual illusions
help to demonstrate that sensation and perception are not the same thing
75
ambiguous objects
a particular image on the retina can be created by many different objects
76
inverse projection problem
determine the object responsible for the image on the retina
77
hidden or blurred objects
we can use experience and context to identify obscured and blurry images
78
viewpoint invariance
ability to recognize an object from many view points
79
bottom up processing
processing goes from lower level to higher level (senses to brain) (primary sensory cortex to frontal cortex)
80
template matching
recognize objects by comapring input to templates in memory (bottom up)
81
feature matching
recognize objects by detecting features and forming them into a whole (in the brain, we have feature detectors)
82
top-down processing
when processing originates at the highest level influenced by context
83
speech segmentation
ability to tell where a word begins and ends in a convo (top down)
84
Hemholts's unconscious inference
likelihood principle but implicitly makes it seem like perception is instantaneous
85
likelihood principle
we perceive the world in the way that is most likely based on our past experiences
86
apparent motion
illuision of movement
87
Gestalt psychology
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts perception is determined by built in organizing principles, not just stimluation of the retina
88
principle of good continuation
lines are perceived as following the smoothest path
89
principle of good simplicity (pragnanz)
objects are perceived as resulting from the simplest structure
90
principle of similarity
similar objects are perceived as being grouped together
91
principle of proximity
closer objects are perceived as being grouped together
92
principle of connectedness
objects that are visually connected together are perceived as being grouped together
93
principle of symmetry
perceive obejcts that are balanced or symmetrical
94
principle of closure
unfinished objects are percieved as being complete
95
principle of figure ground
separate objects (figures) and surfaces (ground) are perceived even when they are grouped
96
principle of enclosure
objects enclosed by lines are perceived as being grouped together
97
physical regularities
physical properties that occur frequently in the environment
98
oblique effect
horizontal and vertical lines occur more frequently in our environment, making them easier to perceive
99
light from above assumption
light comes from the above more frequently
100
semantic regularities
characteristics that occur frequently in a particular environment - meaning of a given scene is related to what happens in that scene
101
scene schema
knowledge of what a given scene typically contains
102
bayesian inference
our estimate of the probabiltiy of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome
103
prior probability
internal belief about the probability of an outcome
104
likelihood
the extent to which the evidence is consistent with the outcome
105
perception and action
perception allows us to interact with the environment through action perception is informed by action perception and action rely on different neural pathways
106
object discrimination
removing the temporal lobe made it difficult to tell what object to pick
107
landmark discrimination
removing the parietal lobe made it difficult to tell where the object was
108
double dissociation
damage to brain region X affects tsak A, but not B; damage to brain region Y affects task B, but not A
109
action pathway
landmark discrimination; dorsal (where) pathway; posterior parietal cortex
110
perception pathway
object discrimination; ventral (what) pathway; inferior temporal cortex
111
mirror neurons
neurons that repsond in the same way when performing an action as when watching that action being performed
112
attention
the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations in our environment constantly shifting prevents sensory overload
113
four types of attention
focused, sustained, directed, divided
114
selective attention
attending to one thing while ignoring others
115
divided attention
paying attention to more than one thing at a time
116
overt attention
shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eyes
117

Cognitive Processes (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions