Test 1

Question 1

What personality traits characterized Steve Jobs?

Answer 1

Emotional, self-centered, confident, outgoing, and open to new ideas

Question 2

How was Steve Jobs’ company, Apple, known for its approach?

Answer 2

Known for innovation and considering the whole experience

Question 3

How did Bill Gates differ from Steve Jobs in terms of personality?

Answer 3

Less outgoing or emotional, preferred email communication, was never fired by his company, and focused more on function over form

Question 4

What major personality change did Jeff Bezos undergo?

Answer 4

From nerd to Vin Diesel to Pitbull

Question 5

What is personality?

Answer 5

A person’s usual pattern of behavior, feelings, and thoughts across time and situations

Question 6

What does personality typically NOT include?

Answer 6

IQ, physical characteristics, and attitudes

Question 7

What is personality psychology?

Answer 7

The scientific study of personality, involving research, theoretical roots, and connections across disciplines

Question 8

What are the Big Five personality traits?

Answer 8

Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience

Question 9

Do the Big Five capture all aspects of personality?

Answer 9

No, they do not capture self-views, motivations, or unconscious drives

Question 10

Where can personality be observed?

Answer 10

Through direct interaction, environmental traces (e.g., social media, dorm rooms, clothing), and nonverbal behaviors

Question 11

How do extraverts’ bedrooms and officers differ from others’?

Answer 11

Bedrooms are noisier with more stacks of paper; offices are more welcoming with comfortable chairs and candy dishes

Question 12

What is the equation Kurt Lewin used to describe behavior?

Answer 12

B = f(P,E); meaning behavior is a function of the person and the environment

Question 13

What was Walter Mischel’s critique of personality?

Answer 13

He argued that personality effects were weak compared to situational influences

Question 14

How does modern psychology revolve around the Person-Situation Debate?

Answer 14

With an interactionist approach, considering both person and situation influences

Question 15

What are the four key historical roots of modern personality psychology?

Answer 15

Assessment and measurement, trait models, psychodynamics, and self-processes

Question 16

What question is central to the self-processes root?

Answer 16

“Who am I? Who do I want to be?”

Question 17

Why are reverse scores used in personality assessments?

Answer 17

To balance out the acquiescence response set, where some people agree with everything

Question 18

What is a norm in personality assessments?

Answer 18

The average score of a sample group used for comparison

Question 19

What is Extraversion and its facets?

Answer 19

Being outgoing and talkative. Includes friendliness, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity level, excitement-seeking, and cheerfulness

Question 20

What is Agreeableness and its facets?

Answer 20

Being agreeable and likable. Includes trust, morality, altruism, cooperation, and modesty

Question 21

What is Conscientiousness and its facets?

Answer 21

Being neat and organized. Includes self-efficacy, orderliness, dutifulness, achievement-striving, and cautiousness

Question 22

What is Neuroticism and its facets?

Answer 22

Being worried and emotional. Includes anxiety, anger, depression, self-consciousness, immoderation, and vulnerability

Question 23

What is Openness to Experience and its facets?

Answer 23

Enjoying change and new ideas. Includes imagination, artistic interests, emotionality, adventurousness, intellect, and liberalism

Question 24

What is the Nature vs Nurture debate?

Answer 24

Whether the source of personality is nature (genetics) or nurture (environment)

Question 25

How do we know a personality scale is good?

Answer 25

If it is reliable and valid

Question 26

What is reliability?

Answer 26

That a measure is consistent

Question 27

What is validity?

Answer 27

That a measure can predict behavior or correlates with similar measures

Question 28

What is internal reliability?

Answer 28

Do the questions on the same test all measure the same construct? That is, do the responses to individual questions correlate with each other?

Question 29

What is Test-Retest Reliability?

Answer 29

Do you get the same result more than once? Will your score be the same as it was two weeks ago?

Question 30

What is Inter-Rater Reliability?

Answer 30

Do coders agree on their assessment? Used for free-form questions or behaviors that are coded

Question 31

What is Face Validity?

Answer 31

Does it look valid?

Question 32

What is Predictive Validity?

Answer 32

Does it predict outcomes?

Question 33

What is Convergent Validity?

Answer 33

Does it correlate with similar scales?

Question 34

What is Discriminant Validity?

Answer 34

Does it not correlate with scales measuring other things?

Question 35

What is Construct Validity?

Answer 35

The iterative process of designing measures of constructs, seeing how they work, and then revisiting them (and perhaps changing). Often used for psychological variables, which are challenging to define

Question 36

What is the nomological network?

Answer 36

The lawful relationships that connect all personality constructs

Question 37

What are the issues with Myers-Briggs?

Answer 37

While similar to the Big Five, it has issues with test-retest reliability, lacks divergent validity, and lacks predictive validity

Question 38

What is the Barnum Effect?

Answer 38

The tendency to believe vague generalities about one's personality

Question 39

What is social desirability response set?

Answer 39

When people try to make themselves look good due to a need for social approval

Question 40

What is malingering?

Answer 40

"Faking bad", which can be done to shirk responsibility, escape punishment, or receive medical care

Question 41

Pros and cons of experiments?

Answer 41

Random assignment to condition which can show causation, but cannot always be used

Question 42

Why are correlational studies msot often used in personality research?

Answer 42

People cannot be randomly assigned to personality types

Question 43

What is Triangulation?

Answer 43

Using multiple resources to reach a conclusion (E.g., using a self-report, lab assessment, and other report to deduce personality)

Question 44

What is the Lexical Approach?

Answer 44

Whatever traits are important in the social world will eventually be encoded into language, then into one word

Question 45

What are the Big Two Metatraits?

Answer 45

Stability/plasticity; beta/alpha; yin/yang; eros/thanatos

Question 46

What are circumplex views?

Answer 46

Two major poles of human social behavior which form a circle, not a line. Dominance/nurturance

Question 47

Why these Big Five traits?

Answer 47

Considered to have been useful for evolution and adaptability in various ways. All are trade-offs with risks at extremes, though

Question 48

What is the Likert Scale?

Answer 48

A range of numbers that correspond to how much someone agrees or disagrees with an item

Question 49

What was the first personality test?

Answer 49

The Woodworth Personal Data Sheet, created by Robert S. Woodworth during World War 1 and designed to measure symptoms linked to shell-shock (now PTSD)

Question 50

What is Cronbach's Alpha?

Answer 50

A statistical measure of internal reliability

Question 51

What is Meta-Analysis?

Answer 51

A study that statistically analyzes the results of many studies on the same topic

Question 52

What is the Many Labs Approach?

Answer 52

When different groups of researchers do the exact same study at the same time