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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 advantages to nerve blocks

A

Intra op pain relief
Post op pain relief
Lower levels of maintenance anesthetic (less stress on vital organs)
Smoother recovery
Earlier discharge after procedure

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2
Q

List some procedures when nerve blocks are used during

A

Extractions
Mass removal
Fracture repair
Mandibulectomy
Maxillectomy
Nasal repair
Oronasal fistula repair
Biopsies

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3
Q

What is the most common nerve block drug?

A

Bupivacaine 0.5%

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4
Q

How long does bupivacaine nerve block take to be effective?

A

6-10 mins

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5
Q

How long do bupivacaine nerve blocks last?

A

Up to 8 hrs, textbook 6-10hrs

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6
Q

What is the max dose of bupivacaine for nerve blocks? (In mg/kg)

A

2mg/kg

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7
Q

What is the max dose of lidocaine (without epi) nerve blocks in dogs? and cats? (In mg/kg)

A

5mg/kg in dogs
1mg/kg in cats

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8
Q

How long do lidocaine nerve blocks last?

A

Up to 2 hrs

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9
Q

What is the onset for mepivacaine nerve blocks? How long does it last?

A

2 mins onset
Lasts up to 4hrs

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10
Q

Volume of bupivacaine nerve blocks in cats and small dogs

A

0.1ml/site

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11
Q

Volume of bupivacaine in medium dogs

A

0.2ml/site

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12
Q

Volume of bupivacaine in large dogs

A

0.3ml/site

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13
Q

General nerve block volume for dogs (ml/site)

A

0.1-0.5ml/site

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14
Q

General volume of nerve block volume for cats

A

0.1-0.3ml/site

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15
Q

What size needle is used for nerve blocks?

A

25-27G, 3/4-1 inch

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16
Q

When doing a nerve block, which way is the bevel directed?

A

Towards the bone

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17
Q

Do you draw back when giving a nerve block?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Where does the rostral mandibular mental nerve block, block?

A

Mandibular canines
Incisors
First 2 premolars
Soft tissue in the quadrant

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19
Q

Where is the anesthetic placed for the rostral mandibular mental nerve block?

A

Over the middle mental foramen

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20
Q

Do you place the rostral mandibular mental block anesthetic around or into the middle mental foramen? Why?

A

Around the foramen
Can lacerate the nerve or vessels if you inject into the foramen

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21
Q

Where does the rostral maxillary infraorbital block, block?

A

All teeth, bone, and soft tissue of the maxillary quadrant
From 3rd premolar rostral to 1st incisor

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22
Q

Why is the caudal mandibular inferior alveolar nerve block used?

A

To desensitize the bone and teeth of one of the mandibular quadrants

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23
Q

What nerve block can affect the tongue if not done properly?

A

Caudal mandibular inferior alveolar nerve block

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24
Q

What is the caudal maxillary block used to block?

A

Bone, teeth, and soft tissue in a maxillary quadrant

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25
Which way do you insert the needle and syringe for a caudal maxillary block?
Perpendicular to the plane of the plate behind the last tooth in the maxillary quadrant
26
List some nerve block complications
Self trauma Hematoma Nerve damage Accidental IV injection (causing tachycardia, dysrhythmias, or bronchospasm) Broken needles Wrong site Toxic dose
27
List some indications of teeth that need to be extracted
Loose tooth Root exposure Split or broken tooth Retained deciduous tooth Supernumerary Occlusion problems Abscessed tooth Neck lesions Cannot perform other work
28
What is a Gemini tooth?
1 root but 2 crowns
29
Contraindications for extractions
Patients with poor health Bleeding disorders Patients on meds which prolong bleeding times
30
3 reasons why we take radiographs before extractions
To help assess the extent of bone loss Check for periodontal ligament attachment Check the root structure and see if there are any secondary teeth present
31
List 4 of the instruments that are required for extractions
Scalpel blade Elevators Forceps High speed burr
32
What kind of elevators are there?
Notched or un-notched Different sizes and shapes depending on the tooth
33
When do you use forceps during extractions?
Only on very loose teeth
34
What are high speed burrs used for during extractions?
To split multi rooted teeth which assists in removing each root separately
35
3 steps to extracting a single rooted tooth
Loosen the gingival Loosen the periodontal ligament Remove the tooth with forceps
36
How to loosen the gingival attachment
Scalpel blade or sharp elevator
37
How to loosen the periodontal ligament
Elevators are put into the sulcus The ligaments are loosened by stretching 5-15 second pressure on each side SUPPORT THE JAW
38
3 steps when extracting with a gingival flap
Cut the gum and loosen it over the tooth for extraction Lift the gum back to expose the thin plate of bone over the root Remove the bone over the root using a burr
39
Why must care be taken when elevating the upper K9 teeth?
In order to prevent the formation of an oronasal fistula
40
Which way should you never elevate a tooth when extracting?
Never elevate laterally
41
Why do we never elevate laterally when extracting a tooth?
It can force the large root into the nasal cavity
42
Which way should a tooth be elevated when extracting?
Mesial or distal
43
Should you flush the tooth’s socket with chlorhexadine once it’s removed?
Yes
44
Can you remove multi rooted teeth as a whole?
No, each root should be removed separately
45
How to remove multi rooted teeth
Divide the crown of the tooth into single roots Loosen the gingiva to identify the furcation Elevate each root separately
46
List 7 complications of extractions
Fractures of the socket Fractured and retained root tips Severe hemorrhaging Mandibular fractures Oronasal fistulas Endocarditis Tearing of the gingival tissue
47
True or false : you may need to pack the tooth socket to control bleeding after extracting a tooth
True
48
How to treat endocarditis
Pre-op antibiotics
49
Why is home dental care essential?
To prevent oral disease
50
What must be done before home dental care can be recommended?
A complete oral exam
51
3 things we look at before recommending home dental care (owner/patient)
Client physical strength Client time Patient circumstances
52
2 reasons why we do an oral exam before recommending at home dental care
Home care can mask an underlying problem The animal could have a painful mouth and home care will be unpleasant for them
53
What is the goal of home dental care?
To control the accumulation of plaque
54
How do wild animals control plaque?
By eating the hides of their prey
55
Wild dogs lifetime
6 years
56
Wild cats lifetime
3 years
57
What 2 parts of the body have teeth cleaning effects?
Fibrous heart muscles and the diaphragm
58
What is the most effective home care?
Teeth brushing
59
3 target areas for brushing teeth at home
Dental grooves Inter-dental spaces Free gingival area
60
What do dental grooves create a space for?
Food debris and plaque to accumulate Natural cleaning does not get into these areas!
61
What happens in inter-dental spaces?
Food collects in these areas
62
What is the gingival area?
Sulcus area that is not naturally cleaned
63
List the 4 characteristics of an ideal toothbrush
Fits into mouth Has a handle to control easily Firm enough bristles to remove debris but not hard enough to cause tissue damage Be accepted by the owner and patient
64
Useful tools to use when introducing a tooth brush to an animal
Soft bristle or cotton swab
65
List 2 cons to finger tooth brushes
Small bristles, therefore leaves behind a lot of debris Increased chance of being bitten
66
What can baking soda do to animals?
Can cause electrolyte imbalances
67
What do animal toothpastes contain?
Enzymes which help break down plaque
68
What is the bass technique for brushing?
Using a soft bristle brush at a 45° angle toward the gingival sulcus
69
Where do you use the stillman brushing technique?
In areas that recently had periodontal surgery to prevent trauma to the reattaching gingival
70
What is the different between the bass brushing technique and the stillman brushing technique?
The stillman technique does not place bristles into the healing sulcus
71
What age is best to start brushing animals teeth?
8-12 weeks, routine brushing is not required at this age
72
3 tips for owners when brushing the pets teeth
Make it enjoyable Lots of praise/treats Make sure the owner and pet are comfortable
73
What is the 1st step when conditioning an animal to brushing their teeth?
Rub the animals muzzle and lift their lips
74
What is the 2nd step when conditioning an animal to brushing their teeth?
Massage the animals gums while examining their teeth
75
What is the 3rd step when conditioning an animal to brushing their teeth?
Introduce the toothbrush once the animal has tolerated the other steps Ensure that the target areas are brushed
76
What is the 4th step when conditioning an animal to brushing their teeth?
Owner should be able to examine the mouth and report any abnormalities to the clinic
77
2 cautions when brushing brachycephalic breeds teeth
Could push the lips into the eyes Could block off their nostrils
78
Why are chew toys good for teeth?
Can help strengthen the jaw and the periodontal structures Good for removing soft palate deposits and can prevent periodontal disease
79
List 4 goals of a chew toy
Recreation Exercise Gentle abrasion Not harder than teeth
80
List the 3 VOHC designations
Helps control plaque Helps control tartar Helps control plaque and tartar
81
What is on a home care sheet?
Detailed description of the products that you want used after the cleaning, and how to use the products
82
List 4 client compliance options
Home care sheet Visual aids In clinic demo Follow up appointments

Dentistry (3 decks)

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