test 1 Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
phoneme
A
speech sounds that are connected to create words and meaningful messages
2
Q
allophone
A
variations in production of phonemes that do not change the meaning of the word
3
Q
allophonic variation
A
influenced by surrounding sounds and position of phoneme in the word
4
Q
articulators
A
tongue, lips, teeth, jaw, palate, velum
5
Q
respiratory system
A
provides airflow needed for vocal fold vibration
6
Q
vowels
A
voiced, non nasals
tongue: front/back high/low
lips: rounded/unrounded
muscular effort: tense/lax
7
Q
diphthongs
A
two vowels in one production
8
Q
distinctive features of speech sounds
A
13 features used to describe any phoneme in a language
system of - or + for if the sound has the feature or not
9
Q
consonant features
A
voice, manner, place
10
Q
feature of voiced/voiceless
A
vocal folds vibrating or not vibrating
11
Q
feature of manner
A
how consonant is produced/degree of constriction and movement during production
12
Q
types of manner of consonant production
A
stops
fricatives
affricates
nasals
rhotic/lateral
glides
13
Q
stop
A
complete closure of vocal tract
14
Q
fricatives
A
narrow constriction of vocal tract
15
Q
affricates
A
combination of fricatives and stops
16
Q
nasals
A
complete oral closure=airflow out of nose
17
Q
glides
A
followed by vowels and produced with gradually changing articulatory shape
18
Q
feature of place
A
where the articulators are in order to produce consonant
19
Q
places of consonant production
A
bilabial
labiodental
interdental
alveolar
palatal
velar
glottal
20
Q
suprasegmental features
A
information provided beyond individual sound
used to highlight spoken information
stress, pith, intonation, loudness, juncture, speaking, vowel reduction
21
Q
coarticulation
A
highlights interaction of phonemes when combined with different words
22
Q
anticipatory coarticulation
A
articulators prepare for sound coming later in a word
23
Q
retentive coarticulation
A
articulators hold onto a position used for an earlier phoneme
24
Q
egressive airflow
A
necessary for speech production
pressure buildup is necessary for most phonemes
25
3 acoustic parameters
frequency
amplitude
duration
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ways to receive sensory information
kinesthetic: motion
tactile: touch
propioreceptive: position
auditory: sound feedback
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areas SLPs need to understand to complete
referral
assessment
analyze
diagnose
intervention
dismissal
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Behaviorism Model of language acquisition
B.F.Skinner
reinforcement given for response- either - or +
used to shape sound and Bx of client
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what are the linguistic models of language acquisition?
generative phonology
naturalistic phonology
nonlinear phonology
optimality theory
sonority hypothesis
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generative phonology linguistic model
sounds generated by transforming underlying representation to surface form using language
abstract level --- surface level
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naturalistic phonology
phonological processes or patterns to errors due to children attempting to match adult productions
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nonlinear phonology linguistic model
hierarchal nature of relationship between phonological units
prosodic tier: focuses on words and structures of words
segmental tier: focuses on segments of of speech sounds and features making up their sounds
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optimality theory linguistic model
markedness constraints: limitations on what can be produced
faithfulness constraints: features to be preserved, prohibiting addition or deletion that violates ambient language
34
sonority hypothesis
relative loudness of a sound to other sounds with the same pitch, stress and length
sonority sequencing principle: governs sequence of consonants in syllables (low sonority on ends and high in center)
35
psycholinguistic models of language acquisition
mapping auditory input and output, and what occurs in cognitive linguistic process
what is heard, how it is processed, and speech production
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diary studies
periodic diary of one child's development
typically kept by a parent or researcher
issue: not generalized as it follows one issue of one child
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cross sectional study
testing a single word in a large number in similar range, making data normative for gender, age, ethnicity, etc.
disadvantage: limited responses, imitated responses, questionable credibility
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longitudinal study
small groups of children over a long period of time
advantage: allows for individual variations
disadvantages: may not be representative of general population
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Phase I: foundation of speech acquisition
anatomical structure changes occur to make body ready for speech. vocal tract, respiratory system changes, and neurological changes with gross and fine motor movements
anatomical functions: jaw movements mature before lips
infant perception: can perceive speech 19 wks. gestation and respond and differentiate between sounds by third trimester (familiar with reoccurring maternal speech sounds).
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first 50 words
constrained by physiology, ambient language, and individual factors.
typically one or two syllables, front consonants, with final consonants omitted or followed by vowel
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phonological knowledge constraints
inventory constraints: sounds produced by child
positional constraints: sounds produced in different syllable positions
sequence constraints: restrictions on occurrence
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intelligibility
single most practical measurement of oral communication competence
Intelligibility index: % of words in sample that can be understood
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expected intelligibility
80% intelligible to strangers by age 3
80% intelligible to parents by age 2
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Shriberg age of acquisition of speech sounds
early 8- /m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h/
middle 8- /t, ŋ, k, g, f, v, tʃ, dʒ/
late 8- /ʃ, ð, θ, s, z, l, r, ʒ/
45
Crowe and McLeod age of acquisition of speech sounds
early 13- (ages 2-3;11) /b, n, m, p, h, w, d, g, k, f, t, ŋ, j/
middle 7- (ages 4-4;11) /v, dʒ, s, tʃ, l, ʃ, z/
late 4- (ages 5-6;11) /r, ð, θ, ʒ/
46
age by which children correctly produce vowels
2 or 3
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phonological awareness:
ability to reflect on and manipulate the structure of an utterance as distinct from its meaning
syllable awareness, onset rime awareness
48
factors influencing speech acquisition
gender- more boys with SSDs
socioeconomic status- lower SES
language development- phonological patterns decreases as language skills develops
individual variability
49
otitis media with effusion effect on SSD
can result in temporary conductive hearing loss.
opinions mixed due to inconsistencies with reports, hearing tests, treatment provided
50
poor speech perception effect on SSD
speech discrimination may be linked to speech production
ability to self monitor internally and externally is important
perception + production training is most effective. self monitoring can be explicitly taught as a skill
51
minor structural variations effect on SSDs
lips: structural variations can limit rounding
teeth: malocclusions can affect speech production
tongue: anklyoglossia (tongue tie) and macroglossia (enlarged tongue)
hard palate: size and width does not effect, just removal
soft palate: nasal emissions due to not closing completely
tonsils: enlarged may cause hypernasality
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speech is a _____ act that requires ______ and ________ controlled movements of __________
motor
dynamic
precisely
articulators
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diadochokenetic (DDK) rate
asses motor function by rapid production of syllables (puhtihkuh)
54
3 ways a tongue thrust can present
1. anterior gesture at swallow
2. unnecessary moves against or between front teeth during speech
3. tongue lays on/between front teeth at rest
can occur individually or all together
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what age do tongue thrusts typically resolve by?
10
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pacifier effects on SSD
-alter tongue position at rest
-affect tooth emergence and alignment
-reduces how much a child practices or uses speech
-may make adults less likely to engage
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intelligence effect on SSD
weakly related
slower acquisition and inconsistent errors present
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phonological memory effect on SSD
-phonological working memory: manipulation of information before recalling
-phonological short term memory: ability to hold information to later recall
phonological encoding is required for long term memory storage, speech delay= poor encoding
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language and phonology relationship
dynamic and intertwined
bottom up
top down
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2 language components that influence phonological development
syntax and morphology
the more syntactically complex, the more speech errors
61
treating co-occuring morphosyntactic and phonological deficits
treating morphosyntactic should generalize to phonological
62
what % of children with SSD have family member with SSD?
46%
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what subjects do children with SSD typically have difficulties in?
spelling and reading
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organic origins of SSD
anomalies of oral structure
genetic disorders
hearing loss
neuromotor disorders
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glossectomy
tongue is adaptable and compensates
66
oburator
fills the gap with missing piece of the hard palate to reduce hypernasality
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down syndrome characteristics
caused by extra chromosome 21
results in cognitive delays, macroglossia, and abnormal speech patterns
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fragile X syndrome characteristics
caused by mutation of X chromosome
results in cognitive impairment= delayed/disordered speech
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Beckwith-Weidmann Syndrome characteristics
caused by hemihyperplasia (one side of the body growing significantly more) which can occur with cleft palate and macroglossia
results in difficulties with anterior sounds
70
galactosemia
enzyme deficiency
causes speech and cognitive deficits
71
major organic cause to SSD
hearing loss
ability to hear speech of others is needed to acquire speech and suprasegmentals
72
neuromotor disorders
dysarthria: affects motor movements
apraxia: affects motor planning
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childhood apraxia of speech
not well understood and controversial
planning and programming is affected
characterized by inconsistent errors
difficulty with prosody
lengthened or disrupted transitions
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unknown origin of SSD
idiopathic group
75
idiopathic perspectives
etiological
psycholinguistic
sympomatology
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etiological perspective of SSD
Shriberg
grouped into possible etiologies (causes): genetic, OME, psychosocial, motor speech involvement
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psycholinguistic perspective of SSD
Stackhouse and Wells
refers to underlying deficits the child is experiencing, classified by where the problem is occurring
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Symptomatology perspective of SSD
Dodd
uses 4 surface patters to explain disorder:
1. articulation disorder-consistent errors on a few phonemes
2. phonological delay- delay in resolution of common processes
3. consistent phonological disorder- non-developmental consistent errors
4. inconsistent phonological disorder- non-developmental inconsistent errors
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