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psyc 1100 > test #1 > Flashcards

test #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychology?

A

the scientific study of behaviour, mental processes & the human mind

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2
Q

what is empirical evidence?

A

numbers!! gathered by observation, experimentation, or measurement

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3
Q

what does it mean to be able to think critically & creatively?

A

make claims and judgements based on well supported reason & evidence

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4
Q

what are the 8 critical thinking guidelines?

A

similar to what constitutes a good theory

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5
Q

what is pseudoscience?

A

fake science

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6
Q

who is hippocrates?

A
  • “father of medicine”
  • emotion and thought located in the brain
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7
Q

who is aristotle?

A

claimed that the human psyche was part of our body

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8
Q

what is phrenology?

A

could read personality traits from bumps on the skull

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9
Q

how long ago did psychology start?

A

130 years ago

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10
Q

what is the conscious mind?

A

awareness of one’s self and one’s surroundings

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11
Q

what is the unconscious mind?

A

the mental processes that we are not aware of

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12
Q

how much of your brain is used consciously?

A

only 2-10%

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13
Q

what are the 3 early psychologies?

A
  1. structuralism
  2. functionalism
  3. psychoanalysis
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14
Q

who was known as the father of psychology?

A

Wilhem Wundt

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15
Q

what early psychology did Wilhem believe in?

A

structuralism

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16
Q

what do structuralists focus on?

A

the conscious mind and therefore thinking

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17
Q

what did wilhem wundt and structuralists look for?

A

understand the structure of the human mind through how objects are perceived using their senses

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18
Q

who is william james?

A

a functionalist who wanted to measure through actions instead of asking questions

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19
Q

what did functionalists do?

A

wanted to see how humans adapted to new environments

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20
Q

who is sigmeud fraud?

A

created psychoanalytic theory who cared about the unconscious mind

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21
Q

freud believed he could understand the unconscious mind by studying what?

A
  1. dreams
  2. childhood
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22
Q

what are the 5 major psychological perspectives today?

A
  1. biological perspective
  2. learning perspective
  3. cognitive perspective
  4. socio-cultural perspective
  5. psychodynamic perspective
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23
Q

what is the biological perspective?

A

focuses on how bodily events affect behaviour, feelings, & thoughts

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24
Q

what is the learning perspective?

A
  • concerned with how the environment and experience affect a persons’ behaviour
  • newer version of functionalists
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25
what is behaviourism?
believed we should only study observable behaviour
26
who was john b watson?
behaviourist who said we should only study external actions
27
who are ivan pavlov and B. F skinner?
created the stimulus-response model
28
what is the cognitive perspective?
studying human consciousness and what happens in the brain when we are thinking
29
what is the socio-cultural perspective?
emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual
30
what is humanist psychology?
emphasizes personal growth & human potential
31
who are carl rogers & abraham maslow?
humanists who emphasized that humans have free will
32
what is humanism?
developed positive psychology, happiness in humans
33
what do psychologists do?
1. pure research (college & universities) 2. applied research (business, sports, law) 3. psychological practice (provide health + metal health services)
34
what is pure psychology?
pure research conducted to seek knowledge for its own sake
35
what is applied psychology?
finds practical uses for the knowledge gained from research
36
which doctor can diagnose and treat mental disorders?
psychiatrists
37
what is the Canadian version of APA?
CPA (Canadian Psychological Association)
38
what is the scientific method?
procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts
39
what is skepticism?
treating conclusions, both old & new, with caution
40
what is theory?
explanation of a natural phenomenon that tries to explain how & why something is happening
41
what is a hypothesis?
statement that attempts to predict for a set of phenomena
42
what are operational definitions?
define concepts and labels by the way they are measured
43
what is the principle of falsifiability?
a good theory must make predictions that can be proven either true or untrue
44
what are misleading correlations?
correlations do NOT = causation
45
what are the 2 steps in the measurement of a variable?
1. define the property 2. detect the property
46
what are the 3 types of psychology research studies?
1. naturalistic observational studies 2. experimental studies 3. correlational studies
47
what are the 3 steps of experimentations
1. manipulate 2. measure 3. compare with one another
48
what is the independent variable?
the experimenter manipulates
49
what is the dependent variable?
the experimenter predicts will be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable
50
what are experimental groups?
participants exposed to the manipulation of the independent variable
51
what are control groups?
participants who are not exposed to the manipulation
52
what is observer bias?
observers' expectations to influence what they believe they observed and what they actually observed
53
what is the mean?
- average score of the group - find the sum then divide by sample size
54
what is the median?
the middle number once the list is ordered from smallest to larger
55
what is the mode?
the most common number
56
what is the range?
subtract the lowest score from the highest
57
what is memory?
the capacity to retain and retrieve information
58
what is the hippocampus?
the memory processing region of the brain
59
what is the amygdala?
the emotion processing region of the brain
60
what are the 3 memory processes?
1. encoding 2. storage 3. retrieval
61
what is encoding?
taking information into the brain
62
what is storage?
keeping information in the brain
63
what is retrieval?
- getting information out of the brain - retrieval is the weakest point
64
what are the 3 major ways to encode?
1. semantic encoding 2. visual imagery encoding 3. organizational encoding
65
what is semantic encoding?
process of relating new information in a meaningful way
66
what is visual imagery encoding?
process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
67
what is organizational encoding?
process of categorizing information according to relationships among series of items
68
what is reconstructive memory?
when we retrieve a memory we reconstruct from pieces and parts we have stored
69
what is explicit memory?
conscious, intentional recollection
70
what is implicit memeory?
unconscious retention in memory
71
what is priming?
when a person is exposed to information and later tested to see if this influences behaviour or performance on another task
72
what are the 3 separate memory systems?
1. sensory memory 2. short-term memory 3. long-term memory
73
what is consolidation?
the biological process in which the brain changes to store long term memory
74
what is sensory memory?
- large capacity - contains sensory information - uses the unconscious mind - brief retention images
75
what is short-term memory?
- limited capacity - brief storage of items - conscious mind - 7+-2 - can enhance capacity by chunking
76
what is long-term memory?
- unlimited capacity - difficult to forget - uses unconscious and conscious mind - organized information
77
what are the 2 categories of LTM?
1. Procedural 2. Declarative
78
what are procedural memories?
knowing how
79
what are the 2 sub-categories of declarative memories?
1. semantic 2. episodic
80
what is declarative memory?
knowing that
81
what are semantic memories?
general knowledge
82

psyc 1100 (2 decks)

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