Test 1 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
information aquisition
A
data you recieve to make decisions
looking at an MRI or CT scan
2
Q
criterion (bias)
A
diff. experinces and views that might bias your decision
3
Q
signal
A
thing you are looking for
4
Q
noise
A
everything else that might confuse your decsion
5
Q
external noise
A
everything in the outside world
6
Q
internal noise
A
you - everything to doing with you
7
Q
hit
A
correct diagnosis or assesment of something being there
8
Q
miss
false negative
A
no diagnosis but the the thing is present
9
Q
false alarm
false positive
A
fasle diagnosis as nothing is there
10
Q
correct rejection
A
no diagnosis and nothing is there
11
Q
what would make a better doctor
A
one with higher false alrams than misses
less lasting damage
12
Q
sensitivity
A
looking at everything possible so may pick up some noise = more false positives
13
Q
specificity
A
really careful about what they look at so may miss some signals = more misses
14
Q
epigenetics
A
- effcets gene expression
- no chnage to DNA sequence
- quantitative
- localised
15
Q
mutation
A
- effects DNA sequnace (A,T,C,G)
- chnages gene function and how proteins are made
- qualitative
- in the germ cells = everywehere
16
Q
V1
A
- primary visual
- simple cells
- damage = blindness
- a sinle line angle in a specific location
- small receptive feild
17
Q
V2
A
- form discrimination
- complex cells
- same orientation in multiple locations
- large receptive feild
18
Q
microscopic imaging
A
ad. - very high spatial resolution of neurons and synapes
lim. - only done post-mortem
19
Q
EEG/MEG
A
ad. - very fast (high temporal res), synchrony (multiple brain regions) good spacial
lim. - measure an avg. of millions of nuerons and limitted to cortical regions (superfical)
20
Q
structural MRI
A
measures hydrongen
ad. - good res and contrast and can measure structural chnages (lesions)
lim. - temporal res not good on corrolations no info on NT
21
Q
fMRI
A
measure Blood O2 level (BOLD)
high brain activity = high o2 level
resting vs active (mostly) or this vs that
ad. spatial res
lim. - temporal res
22
Q
PET
A
ad. measure chnages in brain chem and goog spatial res
lim. - expensive and low temporal res
23
Q
structural
A
EEG
fMRI
PET
24
Q
functional
A
MRI
EM + LM
25
axon path finding
the optic nerve axon find their way to the **tectume** by signals emanating from the **terminal** region
26
Nerve Groth factor (NGF)
stregnthens axons
27
a single chnage in an amino acid leads too...
a signle chnage in DNA code
28
nucleotides =
bases
29
bases =
ATCG
30
3 bases =
amino acid
31
transcription
DNA to RNA
32
translation
RNA to protein
33
# 3 Gs
amino acids
GABA - in/decreases action in post S cell
Glutimate
Glycine
| small NT
34
# ine
biogenic amines
dopamine - addictive - motoerfunction, eat, sleep, social
adrenaline
seratonin
| small NT
35
Bulkier NTs
neropeptides
purnies
gases
36
NT Receptors
more than 1 receptor per NT except for oxytocine which only has 1
37
functional classes of NT receptors
ionotropic
metobotropic
38
ionotropic
GABA - influx on Na+ and excititory
Glutimate - Cl+ influx and inhibitory
| (fast, direct ion flow)
39
metobotropic
| (slow, involves second messengers like cAMP)
G-proteins that bind to the cell
40
agonist
increases comms through influx/ increases amount of NT by either opening up receptors or blocking trasnporter
41
antagonist
reduces comms by blocking recptors and stopping NT from binding
42
Broca's Aphasia
poor speech production
| left frontal lobe
43
Wernicke's Aphasia
poor comprehension
fluent but non-senical speech
| left temporal lobe
44
hemispatial neglect
inability to percive one side of space
attention disorder
affects auditory, somatosensory processes, motor movement
internala dn extrenal attention of the world
strong cues can over come it
| right perietal lobe
45
prosopagnosia
dufficulty recognizing faces
| fusiform face area (temporal lobe)
46
amnesia H.M.
damage= removal of hippocampus
deficits= mostly antrograde amnesia and some retrograde
intact= sort term mem, procedural memory, knowlegde, langugae, identity
| hipposcampus forms but does not storm memories
47
amnesia K.F.
| cant store number sequnaces
damage= frontal porietal lobe
STM = impared
LTM = intact
48
Parkinsons Disease
motor symtoms and lack of new procedural memory
| Basal Ganglia
49
Akinetopsia
inability to percive motion
| MT V5 area
50
ventrical stream damage
vision for conscious perception
cant identify angle but can post
| where / what x
51
Dorsal stream damage
vision for action
can identify angle correctly but cant post
| where x what /
52
apperceptive agnosia
impared perception of objects
intact memory, colour, motion and light
53
associative agnosia
loss of meanng and knowledge of objects
intact visual perception
54
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
active during preparation: attentional control
55
anterior cingulate cortex
during incogruent phase: error monitoring
56
dissociation
Damage impairs function A but not B; may suggest—but not confirm—functional independence.
57
double dissociation
opp pattrens of deficitits and preserved abilities
58
transduction
neural work and physical work
59
perception
neural wolrd and phys world
60
action
psyc world and physical world
61
bottom-up
* data-driven
* no prior knowlege
* no goal
* salience
62
top-down
* conceptually-driven
* excisting knowledge
* goal driven
63
synesthesia
a phenomenon
cross model correspondance
64
s-cone
blue
65
m-cone
green
66
L-cone
red
67
cones
1 cone projects to 1 bipolar cell
less sensitive
high acuity
need more light per cell to activate
68
rods
many project to 1 bipolar cell
highly sensitive
low acuity
need less light per cell to activate
69
lateral inhibition
grey dots at the intresection
due to cells fighting for supremiscy
70
Pariedolia
recognising faces in things without faces
71
the thatcher illusion
upright faces are processed more rapidly than upside down
72
DAN
its bilateral: goals
73
VAN
in the right hemisphere; grabs your attention
74
factors effecting concolidation
time
repetition
elaboration
emotion
sleeep
75
semantic dementia
* degeneration of anterior temporal lobe
* loss of conceptual knowledge
76
classical conditioning
form an association between two stimuli
77
operant conditioning
rewards and punshements are used to get a desired behvaiour
78
lateral interpositus nicleus (LIP)
learns the association
79
red nucleus of midbrain
executes the motor responce
80
semantics
the meaning of words and parts of words
81
syntx
* rules dicate how sounds combine to make words
* words combine to make sentances
82
linguistic universals
1. semanticity
2. arbitrariness
3. displacement
4. productivity/Generativity
83
semanticity
language is made up of symbolic units that combine to express meaning
84
arbitrariness
no relationship between letters, sounds signs etc.
diff language has diff. symbols
85
displacement
past resent and future
real and imagionary
86
productivity and generativity
fixed number of units combine into infinite ways
87
d' (d-prime):
A measure of perceptual sensitivity, indicating how well an individual can **distinguish between signal and noise.** Higher values = **better discrimination.**
88
c (criterion):
Reflects **decision bias or strategy** —whether someone tends to say "yes" or "no" when uncertain. Influenced by factors like **expectations or consequences of errors.**
89
ROC Curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic):
Graphs **hit** rate vs. **false alarm** rate to illustrate **sensitivity**.
90
Corpus Callosum:
A large bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres, enabling interhemispheric communication.
91
Left Hemisphere:
* Controls motor and sensory functions of the right side
* Dominant for language production (Broca’s area) and comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
* Involved in logical, analytical, and verbal tasks
92
Right Hemisphere:
* Controls left side of body
* Specializes in spatial awareness, facial recognition, musical ability, and emotional processing
* Split-brain patients:
* Result from surgical severing of the corpus callosum (often for epilepsy treatment)
* Exhibit unique behaviour (e.g., inability to name objects in left visual field)
93
* Primary Visual Cortex (V1)
Lesions cause cortical blindness; may retain blindsight, i.e., ability to detect motion or emotion without awareness.
94
V4
Responsible for color perception. Damage causes achromatopsia (color vision loss).
95
Optic Ataxia
Poor hand-eye coordination
96
Simultanagnosia
Inability to perceive more than one object at a time
97
Confounding Variables
Uncontrolled factors that could influence the DV
98
Demand Characteristics:
Participants’ assumptions about the study that may bias behaviour
99
Counterbalancing
Technique to prevent order effects in repeated measures designs
100
Central Executive
Directs attention, integrates info, and manages the other subsystems
101
Working Memory
Temporary, limited-capacity storage for active processing
102
Phonological Loop:
Verbal/auditory info (Broca’s area, left parietal)
103
Visuospatial Sketchpad:
Visual/spatial imagery (right hemisphere)
104
Episodic Buffer:
Multimodal integration; links to episodic LTM
105
* Declarative (Explicit)
* Episodic: Personal events; hippocampus-dependent
* Semantic: Facts/concepts; stored in anterior temporal lobe
106
* Non-Declarative (Implicit):
* Procedural: Motor skills; relies on basal ganglia/striatum
* Classical Conditioning: Emotional/physiological associations; cerebellum and amygdala
107
Neuronal Structure and Action Potentials
SNAP KIP
* Sodium channels open (Na+ influx) — depolarisation begins
* Neuron becomes positively charged — reaches action potential threshold
* Action potential peaks
* Potassium channels open (K+ efflux)
* K flows out, repolarising the cell
* Internal voltage drops below resting potential — hyperpolarisation
* Pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) restores ion balance to resting state
108
Resting Potential:
Sodium channels inactivated; no new action potential possible
109
Absolute Refractory Period:
Sodium channels inactivated; no new action potential possible
110
Relative Refractory Period:
Action potential possible with stronger input
111
Presynaptic Neuron
Sends signal via neurotransmitter release
112
Synaptic Vesicles
Contain neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, GABA)
113
EPSPs (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials)
Depolarize membrane; increase likelihood of AP
114
IPSPs (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials)
yperpolarize; decrease likelihood of AP
115
FATE
| synaptic comms
* Formation: Neurotransmitter synthesis
* Action: Triggered by AP and Ca²⁺ influx
* Transmission: NT crosses synapse
* Elimination: Via reuptake (e.g., serotonin) or enzymatic breakdown (e.g., acetylcholine)
116
Hebb’s Rule:
"Cells that fire together wire together"
