test 1 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
Where is the pituitary
A
Attached to the diencephalon in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
2
Q
What is another name for the pituitary
A
Hypophysis
3
Q
What is another name for the anterior pituitary
A
pars distalis
4
Q
What hormones are found in the anterior pituitary
A
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
5
Q
What does GH stand for
A
Growth hormone
6
Q
What does GH do
A
Causes movement of amino acids into cells
7
Q
Whats another name for GH
A
Somatotropin (STH)
8
Q
What does TSH stand for
A
Thyroid stimulating hormone
9
Q
What is another name for TSH
A
thyrotropin
10
Q
What does TSH do
A
stimulates the thyroid gland which stimulate thyroxine (T4)
11
Q
What does ACTH stand for
A
Adenocorticotropic hormone
12
Q
What is another name for ACTH
A
corticotropin
13
Q
What does ACTH do
A
Stimulates adrenal cortex which stimulate glycocorticoids
14
Q
What does FSH stand for
A
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
15
Q
What is another name for FSH
A
Folliculin
16
Q
What does FSH do
A
Growth and secretion by ovary follicles and production of sperm
17
Q
What does LH stand for
A
Luteinizing hormone
18
Q
What is another name for LH
A
Luteotropin
19
Q
What does LH do
A
Stimulates ovulation or corpus luteum and male sex hormones (testosterone)
20
Q
Where does LH affect males and what is the name for this
A
The interstitial cells of testes. Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
21
Q
What does PRL stand for
A
Prolactin
22
Q
What is another name for PRL
A
Luteotropic Hormone
23
Q
what does PRL do
A
Stimulate mammary glands for milk production
24
Q
What does trophic mean
A
hormones seen to influence other endocrine glands. seen in anterior pituitary hormones
25
What hormones does the hypothalamus create that influence the anterior pituitary
TRH, CRH, GnRH, PRH, GHRH, PIH, Somatostatin
26
What is unique between the anterior and posterior pituitary
Anterior makes its own hormones, posterior stores hormones from hypothalamus
27
What does TRH stand for
Thyroid releasing hormone
28
What does TRH do
promotes secretion of TSH and PRL
29
What does CRH stand for
Corticotropin releasing hormone
30
What does CRH do
Promote secretion of ACTH
31
What does GnRH stand for
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
32
What does GnRH do
Promote secretion of FSH and LH
33
What does GHRH stand for
Growth hormone releasing hormone
34
What does GHRH do
Promote secretion of GH
35
What does PIH stand for
Prolactin-Inhibiting hormone
36
What for PIH do
Inhibits secretion of PRL
37
What does somatostatin do
Inhibits secretion of GH and TSH
38
What hormones are found in the posterior pituitary
ADH and oxytocin
39
What does ADH stand for
Antidiuretic hormone
40
What does ADH do
water retention by kidneys, increase blood volume, vasoconstriction
41
What is another name for ADH
Vasopressin
42
Where does ADH come from
Supraoptic nuclei
43
Where does oxytocin come from
Paraventricular nuclei
44
What does oxytocin do
Stimulate uterine contractions (labor/birth) and cause milk ejection and reflex from mammary glands
45
What is the synthetic version of oxytocin called
pitocin
46
How do hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary
Portal Blood vessels
47
How do hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the posterior pituitary
HH tract
48
What does HH tract stand for
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
49
What is found in the par intermedia
MSH and beta-endorphines
50
What does MSH
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
51
Where is the pineal gland
diencephalon epithalamus
52
What does the pineal gland do
Produce serotonin at day and melatonin at night
53
Is the pineal gland larger in children or in adults and at what age does it change
Larger in children, regression at age 7
54
What is another name for a gland the regresses
involution
55
What are melatonin-mood disorders
SAD and PMS
56
What is SAD
Seasonal affective disorder
57
what is increased or decreased in SAD
Increased melatonin
58
What is PMS
Premenstrual syndrome
59
What is increased or decreased in PMS
increase melatonin
60
What is phototherapy
use light to decrease melatonin
61
what is used for jet lag and why
Melatonin to aid sleeping
62
Where is the thymus
superior to the heart
63
Does it increase or decrease over time and at what point
decrease after puberty
64
what does the thymus do
Secretes thymopoietin and thymosins, produce t lymphocytes (t cells) and cell mediated immunity
65
Where is the thyroid
inferior to the larynx
66
what does the Thyroid produce
T3, T4 and calcitonin
67
Where are T3 and T4 hormones made
Principle or follicular cell of thyroid follicle
68
Where is calcitonin made
parafollicular cells or c cells
69
what is another name for T4
Thyroxine
70
What do T3 and T4 do
Stimulate protein synthesis, maturation of nervous system during development, basal metabolic rate
71
Where are the adrenal glands
Superior to the kidneys
72
What is the outer shell called of the adrenal glands
adrenal cortex
73
what is the inner part of the adrenal glands called
medulla
74
What is made in the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
75
From what cells are epinephrine and norepinephrine made
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
76
What category are epinephrine and norepinephrine
catecholamines
77
What does epinephrine do
increase cardiac output, heart rate, respiratory rate, metabolic rate and dilates coronary blood vessels
78
how many zones are in the adrenal cortex
3
79
what are made in the adrenal cortex
corticosteroids
80
What is the outer zone of the adrenal cortex called
zona glomerulosa
81
what is made in the zona glomerulosa
mineralocoricoids-aldosterone
82
What does aldosterone do
Electrolyte regulation
83
What is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex called
zona fasciculata
84
what is made in the zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids-cortisol
85
what does cortisol do
regulate glucose metabolism
86
what is the inner zone of the adrenal cortex called
zona reticularis
87
what does the zona reticular is produce
sex steroids-androgen and some estrogen
88
where is the parathyroid
posterior region of lateral lobes of the thyroid, two superior, two inferior
89
what two cells are seen in the parathyroid
chief cells and oxyohil cells
90
what does chief cells do
produce PTH
91
what do oxyohil cells do
support
92
What is PTH
Parathyroid hormone
93
What does PTH do
raise blood calcium levels
94
What does PTH target
Bones, Kidneys and intestine
95
How does PTH affect bones
Stimualtes osteoclasts to release calcium
96
how does PTH affect the kidneys
cause them to retain calcium
97
how does PTH affect the intestines
Causes them to absorb calcium
98
True or false: pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine
true
99
What area of the pancreas contributes to the endocrine system
Islet of Langerhans
100
What do the alpha cells of the pancreas produce
Glucagon
101
what do the beta cells of the pancreas produce
insulin
102
what happens when blood glucose is low
glucagon is released and goes to the liver where glycogen is converted into glucose
103
what does insulin do to blood glucose levels and how
lowers by helping glucose enter the cell
104
What is the term for low blood sugar
hypoglycemia
105
what is the term for high blood sugar
hyperglycemia
106
what hormone causes hypoglycemia
insulin
107
what hormones cause hyperglycemia
glucagon, GH, E, NE, cortisol, corticosteroids
108
What are other endocrine glands
Heart, Liver, Kidneys, Stomach, Small Intestine, Placenta, Gonads
109
How is the heart an endocrine gland
its atrial cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which causes sodium to be excreted and increased urine output to lower blood pressure
110
How is the liver an endocrine gland
secretes angiotensinogen and erythropoietin
111
What does angiotensinogen do
Uses renin to release angiotensin1 then uses ACE to release angiotensin2 which causes vasoconstriction through aldosterone. In the end raises blood pressure
112
how are the kidneys endocrine glands
releases erythropoietin and renin
113
How are the stomach and small intestine endocrine glands
release enteroendocrine cells
114
How is the placenta an endocrine gland
releases estrogen (estradiol, estriol) and progesterone
115
What are the three classes of hormones
Steroids, peptides and monoamines
116
Describe steroid hormones
made from cholesterol, produced in the gonads (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone) and the adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone)
117
describe peptide hormones
most anterior pituitary hormones, oxytocin and ADH, RH, IH
118
Describe monoamines
catecholamines (Epinephrine, NE, dopamine) and Thyroid hormone
119
how is T3 made
monoiodotyrosine plus diiodotyrosine to make triiodothyronine
120
how is T4 made
diiodotyrosine plus diiodotyrosine to make tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine
121
how are steroids and thyroid hormones transported
albumin and globulin from liver
122
what happens with hypo anterior pituitary and GH
low amounts of GH leads to dwarfism
123
what happens with hyper anterior pituitary and GH
high amounts of GH lead to gigantism
124
what happens with hypo-post pituitary
lack of ADH leads to diabetes insipidis. causes thirst and excessive urine output
125
what happens with hypothyroidism
if from birth leads to dwarfism. if in adult can cause bulging eyes (myxodema)
126
What is goiter
pathological enlargement of thyroid
127
what is endemic goiter
lack of I2
128
what happens with an adrenal medulla tumor
pheochromacytoma
129
what is pheochromacytoma
increased epinephrine and norepinephrine, hyperglycemia and glycosuria, overactive sympathetic NS
130
What occurs with a tumor in the adrenal cortex
excessive ACTH
131
what happens with excessive ACTH
cushing's syndrome, increased glucocorticoid, increased androgen (female and male parts in one person)
132
what does cortisol do
promote the breakdown of fat into glycerol and fatty acids and protein into amino acids. inhibits the uptake of glucose (gluconeogenesis)
133
What happens with over production of cortisol
antibody production dropped, leukocytes drop leading to infection. stimulate gastric secretions leading to gastric ulcers, Suppresses estrogen, testosterone, and luteinizing hormones causing disturbance of fertility and sexual function.
134
What are the functions of blood
Transportation, Protection, Regulation
135
What does blood transport
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, nutrients, metabolic waste (K), hormones, stem cells
136
how does blood protect
inflammation, WBC, antibodies, platelets
137
How does blood regulate
Fluid, pH, body temp
138
How much blood is in the average sized adult
4-6 liters
139
what portion of whole blood is plasma versus formed elements
45% elements, 55% plasma
140
What is the term for the formed elements of blood
hematocrit
141
What is plasma made up of
water, dissolved solute, metabolites, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, plasma proteins
142
What are the plasma proteins
Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen
143
What is Albumin
bulk of plasma, but smallest in size. Produced in the liver, provide osmotic pressure which draws water into capillaries
144
What is Globulin
There are alpha and beta, both produced in the liver, transports lipids and fat soluble vitamins. Gamma globulins are antibodies produced by lymphocytes. B cells and immunity
145
What is fibrinogen
Produced by the liver. converted to fibrin during clotting
146
what happens when osmoreceptors in the brain are stimulated
increased thirst, secretion of ADH, increase in blood volume and blood pressure
147
What is the pH of blood
7.45-7.35
148
what is hemopoiesis
formation of blood
149
where does hemopoiesis take place
myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) and lymphoid tissue (thymus and tonsils)
150
what is another name for stem cells
hemocytoblasts
151
what are the formed elements
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
152
what is the lifespan of erythrocytes
120 days
153
how are erythrocytes recycled
phagocytksed by macrophages in spleen, liver and bone marrow
154
why is blood colored red
hemoglobin
155
how many hemoglobins are contained in one RBC
280 million
156
what makes up hemoglobin
protein globin and pigment heme
157
what is the purpose of hemoglobin
transport oxygen by oxyhemoglobin and CO2 by carbaminohemoglobin
158
what stimulates erythropoiesis
low blood oxygen (hypoxemia)
159
what happens when erythropoiesis is stimulated
kidney and liver release erythropoietin (EPO). EPO targets red bone marrow
160
Define polycythemia
excess number of RBC, increase blood volume, increase blood pressure, increase viscosity
161
define anemia
low hemoglobin or RBC
162
Define Pernicious anemia
Low amounts of vitamin B12 (needed for RBC production)
163
Define aplastic anemia
destruction of bone marrow by chemicals or Xray
164
How does one get Sickle Cell Anemia
homozygous recessive
165
What happens in Sickle Cell Anemia
Sticky cells, hypoxemia
166
What gives a person its blood type
Antigens A, B, O on blood cells
167
what antibodies are seen with A-antigen blood
Anti-B antibody
168
What antibodies are seen with B-antigen blood
Anti-A antibody
169
What antibodies are seen with AB-antigen blood
None
170
What antibodies are seen with O-antigen blood
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
171
What happens if someone receives the wrong blood type
blood will start to clot
