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Air Pollution/abatement SSFC Test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

True or false

Any new modifications to factories/industrial processors require a new ECA/CofA

A

True

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1
Q

The first air pollution regulation

A

Reg 308

Later replaced by Reg 419

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2
Q

Natural sources of pollutants

A 
Wind blown dust
Volcanic ash and gases
Ozone (lightning)
Esters/turpenes from vegetation
Smoke/gases from forest fires
Pollens
Gases from decomp
Natural radioactivity
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3
Q

True or false

Esters and turpenes are examples of aromatic hydrocarbons

A

True

Eg smoky mountains

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4
Q

Five main classes of pollutants

A 
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides
Sulphur oxides
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5
Q

Acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are all examples of…

A

Man-made pollution

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6
Q

3 forms of air-contaminating processes

A

Combustion
Vaporization
Mechanical attrition

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7
Q

Generating heat and electrical energy from the use of fossil fuels and waste materials for warmth, metal melting, food processing, incineration, motive power

A

Combustion

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8
Q

Combustion pollution can be reduced by…

A 
Better engineering (using more O2)
Burning cleaner fuels
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9
Q

The 3 Ts of combustion

A

Time
Temperature
Turbulence

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10
Q

Inducing physical changes in substances through the application of heat and pressure, causing component material to become airborne and emit into atmosphere

A

Vaporization

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11
Q

True or false

Fuming occurs at normal atmospheric temperature and pressure

A

False

Fuming is a result of induced temperatures… Commonly metals, metal oxides, chlorides. Fumes often contain solids like ash, carbon and gases (eg sulphur dioxide)

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12
Q

True or false

Petroleum derivatives have high vapour pressures and will evaporate within normal atmospheric temperature ranges.

A

True

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13
Q

Evaporation and fumigation

A

Vaporization

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14
Q

The decomposition of organic materials is an example of what contaminating proccess?

A

Vaporization

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15
Q

Mechanical attrition

A

Crushing, grinding, demolishing, eg. And directly/indirectly dispersing particulates like dusts and mists into the atmosphere

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16
Q

__________ may contain contaminants in solution or suspension

A

Mist droplets

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17
Q

Contaminating substances causing air pollution are summarized into 3 states

A

Aerosols/particulates
Organic gases
Inorganic gases

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18
Q

Larger than a single molecule, but smaller than 500 micrometers in diameter

A

A particle

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19
Q

A particle that ranges between 10 micrometers to less than .01 micrometer

A

An aerosol

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20
Q

True or false

Most aerosols are considered to be less than one micrometer in diameter

A

True

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21
Q

Size of a raindrop

A

400-5000 micrometers

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22
Q

Size of a fog droplet

A

5-60 micrometers

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23
Q

Size of bacteria

A

1-25 micrometers

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24
Size of a virus
.01-.1 micrometers
25
Barely visible to the naked eye
Particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter
26
Particulates are responsible for 2 basic types of air pollution problems
Deposition | Adhesion
27
The difference between deposition and adhesion
Deposition-particulates causing corrosion, damage to property, injury to vegetation Adhesion- particulates adhering to respiratory tissue
28
Visible emissions offenses
20% opacity at a certain length of time
29
Unburned carbonaceous particulates around 1 micrometer consisting of soot, fly-ash and other solids/liquids
Smoke
30
The gaseous phase of a substance which at ambient temperature and pressure is a liquid or solid
Vapour
31
Solid particles that are generally more than 1 micrometer
Dust
32
Liquid particles up to 100 micrometers
Mist
33
A non-coherent state of aggregated matter
A gas
34
Consisting entirely of compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon and their derivatives, including paraffins, olefins, aromatics
Organic gases
35
A group of unsaturated hydrocarbons that may affect plant growth, but have no effect on life. Take part in photochemical reactions with nitrogen oxides
Olefins
36
Incomplete combustion causing compounds known to be carcinogenic, like benzpyrene
Aromatics
37
Results from solvent usage | -includes aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and organic acids
Hydrocarbon derivatives
38
Oxides of nitrogen, sulphur and carbon monoxide
Inorganic gases
39
Occupies 78 percent of the atmosphere and is non reactive at ambient temp and pressure
Nitrogen
40
2 contaminating oxides of nitrogen
Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide
41
A combination of nitrogen and oxygen from air in a heated environment create what
NO | Nitric oxide
42
A toxic, yellow-brown, odorous gas formed through the combination of nitric oxide and oxygen
Nitrogen dioxide
43
Can produce lung injury like oedema
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
44
_______ forms with rain drops/water vapour to form HNO3, contributing to acid rain
Nitrogen dioxide
45
Sulphur dioxide and and sulphur trioxide (SO2 and SO3)
Oxides of sulphur
46
Sulphur dioxide may cause:
``` Damage to vegetation Irritation to the eyes Respiratory paralysis Oedema Death ```
47
Very toxic inorganic gas that is water insoluble and results from incomplete combustion
CO Carbon monoxide
48
Ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and flourine are all examples of what
Miscellaneous organic gases
49
Two categories of air pollution resulting from liquid particulates
Stains (permanent damage) | Spots (removable)
50
In excess of one micrometer
Solid particles
51
3 most important acid mists
Chronic acid Sulphuric Acid Hydroflouric acid
52
Readily fumes and is capable of severely attacking skin, vegetables and flowers. Used in insecticides and laundry products
Hydroflouric acid
53
Principle caustics
Sodium carbonate | Sodium hydroxide
54
Used as an economical alkali in many industrial processes
Sodium carbonate Soda ash
55
Strongly alkaline, very soluble and attacks the skin. Used in petroleum industry and for etching
Sodium hydroxide
56
Chemicals that significantly partition into more than one medium
Multimedia pollutants
57
Threshold mechanism
When a critical quantity of contaminant is presented to a receptor
58
Non-threshold mechanisms
Wen even one molecule has the potential for interactions leading to adverse effects
59
Effects of inhaling nitric acid
Deep lung damage-possible death
60
T or F PAHs can react with DNA and genetic material
True
61
Two methods of the health criterion
Protection factor approach | Virtually safe Dose (VSD)
62
LOEL
Least observable effects limit
63
Particles that do not stay suspended in the air and tend to fall out near source of emission. Usually larger than 10-20 micrometers
Dustfall
64
3 methods of particulate matter sampling
Gravity/sedimentation devices Filtration devices Inertial devices
65
Dustfall jars typically have a diameter of ______cm and are ___cm deep
15.2 cm Cross sectional area of 181 cm2
66
Dustfall measurements are reported in....
Grams per metre squared per 30 days
67
Aerosols falling in still air is proportional to the square of the diameter. (Stokes law)
50 micrometers = 7.50 cm/s 20 micrometers = 1.38 cm/s 10 micrometers = 0.30 cm/s
68
Many aerosols are less than ___ micrometer.
Less than 1 micrometer
69
The 2 most common methods for sampling aerosols in Ontario
High-volume sampler | Low-volume sampler
70
A low volume sampler is also called...
A coefficient of haze sampler
71
What is the flow rate of a low-vol samer?
6.5 liters per minute
72
The filter in a low vol sampler
#3 whatman paper Deposits on paper from a spot stain which can be evaluated by measuring the reduction of light transmitted trough the soiled paper vs the clean paper
73
A low volume sampler is expressed in what units?
Coefficient of haze per 305 meters (Coh/305m)
74
What is the typical size of particulate collected from a low vol sampler?
Smaller than 10 micrometers (small enough to be inhaled during collection)
75
A ____ is an aggregate of matter in a non coherent state
Gas
76
2 requirements essential for accurate results when sampling gases
The volume of air MUST be measured | Collection/analysis efficiency must be known
77
Three types of gas sampling
Sampling without suction/with deposition Sampling with suction/ without deposition Sampling with both suction and deposition
78
Absorption
The penetration of molecules into a solid or liquid matrix
79
Adsorption
Gaseous particles are removed from air stream by a solid adsorbent that attracts, concentrates and retains pollutant
80
Acute vs chronic
Acute=short term high concentrations of a pollutant | Chronic=long term exposure to variable concentrations
81
White bean, tomato and tobacco crops are indicators of....
Photochemical oxidants
82
The two main photo toxic oxidants
Ozone | Peroxyacetyl nitrate
83
The air pollution cycle
The release of pollutants at source The transport and diffusion in the atmosphere The reception of pollutants (by people, vegetation, animals, etc)
84
The movement and dispersion of pollutants from sources are influenced by ______
The wind and atmospheric stability
85
True or false Rainfall washes away pollutants from the atmosphere
True
86
_______ produces photochemical reactions of pollutants that form smog
Sunshine
87
Most important meteorological factors affectingovent of pollutants
Wind direction/speed Turbulence Temperature Atmospheric stability
88
________ impacts dilution
Wind speed
89
An unstable atmospheric. Pressure is better for movement True or false
True
90
What is adiabatic lapse rate?
For every 100m in elevation there is a change in temperature of 1 degree
91
The most problematic plume
Fumigation plume
92
Types of plumes
``` Looping - unstable Fanning - stable Coning - neutral Lifting - inversion Fumigation - inversion ```
93
Looping occurs when
With a super adiabatic lapse rate
94
Coning occurs when
When the vertical temperature gradient is near the dry adiabatic. Profile
95
If the temperature increases upward, the air is stable and vertical turbulence is suppressed, creating horizontal mixing
Fanning
96
A super adiabatic layer above the surface inversion creates downward diffusion that cannot penetrate through the inversion, and damps out
Lofting
97
Increased solar heating and a super adiabatic lapse rate occurs through a deep layer, reaching the fanning plume. High concentrations reach the ground
Fumigation
98
When an inversion in temperature occurs and traps a plume beneath it
Frontal trapping
99
Regulation stating that the maximum amount of allowable sediment cannot exceed 7g/m2 over 30 days
Reg 337

Air Pollution/abatement SSFC Test 1 (1 decks)

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