Test #1

Question 0

Lymphedema

Answer 0

occurs when lymph is not drained from an area of the body

Question 1

Lymphangitis, Lymphadentis,

Answer 1

Lymphangitis, Lymphadenitis refer to the secondary inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
metasis (spread) of cancer- the lymphogenous dissemination of cancer

Question 2

Damage to CNS

Answer 2

injured axons do not recover in most circumstances
growth is blocked by astrocyte proliferation
permanent disability follows destruction of a tract in the CNS

Question 3

Peripheral Nerve Degeneration

Answer 3

axons degernate distal to the lesion because they depend on their cell bodies for survival
crushing nerve injury damage/kills the axons distal to the injury site
cell bodies survive and the connective tissue coverings of the nerve are intact

Question 4

Peripheral Nerve Degeneration

Answer 4

compromising a nerves blood supply for along period produce Ischemia by compression of the vasa nervorum which can also cause nerve degeneration

Question 5

Conventional Radiography

Answer 5

X-ray
tissues of differing densities of mass within the body
Compact bone absorbs more X-rays than does a less dense tissue (such as spongy [cancellous] bone)

Question 6

X-Ray colors

Answer 6

very dense substance is radiopaque

substance of less density is radiolucent

Question 7

Posteroanterior (PA) Projection

Answer 7

refers to a radiograph in which the X-rays traversed the patient from posterior (P) to anterior (A)

Question 8

Anteroposterior (AP) Projection

Answer 8

is the opposite of PA

X-rays traversed the patient from anterior (A) to posterior (P)

Question 9

Anteroposterior (AP) View

Answer 9

projection radiographs are viewed as if you and the patient are facing each other
the patients right side is your left
Standard Chest X-Ray: AP View, PA projection

Question 10

Computerized Tomography

Answer 10

CT/CAT Scan

3D x-ray

Question 11

Ultrasonograph

Answer 11

allows visualization of superficial or deep structures in the body
standard method of evaluating the growth and development of the embryo and fetus

Question 12

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Answer 12

MRI
soft tissue
tissue differentiation
tissues in any plane

Question 13

Positron Emission Tomography

Answer 13

PET scan
physiological functions of organs such as the brain on a dynamic basis
areas of increased brain activity will show selective uptake of injected isotope

Question 14

Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column

Answer 14

Osteoporosis: net demineralization of bones and results from disruption of the normal balance of Ca deposition and resoprtion
become weak and brittle and are subject to fracture
most common in the thoracic vertebrae

Question 15

Excessive Thoracic Kyphosis

Answer 15

“humpback”
abnormal increase in the thoracic curves vertebral column curves posteriorly
Dowagers Hump

Question 16

Excessive Lumbar Lordosis

Answer 16

“hollow back”
anterior rotation of the pelvis, abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature
Abnormal Extension Deformity: associated with weakened trunk musculature

Question 17

Scoliosis

Answer 17

“Curved Back”
characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae
most common in pubertal girls

Question 18

Spina Bifida Occulta

Answer 18

which the laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally and fuse
concealed by skin but its location is often indicated by a tuft of hair
no back problems normally

Question 19

Spina Bifid Cystica

Answer 19

one or more vertebral arches may almost completely fail to develop
associated with herniation of the meninges (meningocele) and/or spinal cord (meningomyelocele)

Question 20

Dislocation of Vertebrae

Answer 20

dislocated in neck injuries with less force than is required to fracture them
hyperextension injuries: anterior longitudinal ligament is severely stretched and may be torn
T11& T12 are the most commonly fractured noncervical vertebrae

Question 21

Spondylolysis

Answer 21

L5

results from a failure of the centrum of L5 to unite adequately with the neural arches during developement

Question 22

Spondylolisthesis

Answer 22

at the L5-S1 articulation may result in the pressure on the spinal nerves of the cauda equina as they pass into the superior part of the sacrum causing back and lower limb pain

Question 23

Spondylolisthesis (Cervical rupture)

Answer 23

C2-C3 IV disc may also rupture
cranium, C1 and C2 are separated from the rest of the axial skeleton, spinal cord is usually severed
injury seldom survive

Question 24

Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Answer 24

narrowing of vertebral foramen | *lumbar spinal nerves increase in size as the vertebral column descends but the IV foramina decrease in size*

Question 25

Aging of Vertebrae and Intervertebral Discs

Answer 25

aging of the IV discs combined with the changing shape of the vertebrae results in an increase in compressive forces at the periphery of the vertebral bodies where the discs attach

Question 26

Injury and Disease of Zygapophysial Joints

Answer 26

Osteoarthritis, related spinal nerves are often affected causes pain along the distribution pattern of the dermatomes and spasm in the muscles derived from the associated myotomes Denervation of Lumbar Zygapop Joints: procedure may be used for treatment of back pain caused by disease of the joints

Question 27

Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus

Answer 27

may herniate into the vertebral canal and compress the spinal cord or nerve roots of spinal nerves in the cauda equina Chronic Pain resulting from the spinal nerve roots being compressed by the herniated discs to the area Dermatome 95% occur at L4-L5 or L5-S1 levels

Question 28

Sciatica

Answer 28

pain in the lower back and hip and radiating down the back of the thigh into the leg often caused by a herniated lumbar IV disc or osteophytes that compress the L5 or S1 of sciatic nerve

Question 29

Rupture of Transverse Ligament of Atlas

Answer 29

the dens is set free | Atlanto-Axial Subluxation or incomplete dislocation of the median atlanto-axial joint

Question 30

Quadriplegia

Answer 30

complete dislocation occurs, dens may be drive into the upper cervical region of the spinal cord Paralysis of all 4 limbs, causing death

Question 31

Rupture of Alar Ligaments

Answer 31

combined flexion and rotation of the head may tear one or both alar ligaments rupture of alar ligaments results in an increase of approx. 30% in the range of movement to the opposite side

Question 32

Back Pain

Answer 32

``` Fibroskeletal structures (periosteum, ligaments, anuli fibrosi of IV discs) meninges (coverings of the spinal cord) synovial joints (capsules of zygapop joints) muscles (intrinsic muscles) nervous tissue (spinal nerves or nerve roots exiting IV foramina) ```

Question 33

Lumbar Spinal Puncture

Answer 33

obtain a sample of CSF from the lumbar cistern inserted into the Subarachnoid space aka: Spinal Tap midline between the spinous processes of L3 and L4 (or L4 and L5) vertebrae reduced danger for spinal cord

Question 34

Epidural Anesthesia (blocks)

Answer 34

has a direct effect on the spinal nerve roots of the cauda equina after they exit from the dural sac patient loses sensation inferior to the level of the block

Question 35

Ischemia of Spinal Cord

Answer 35

deficiency of blood supply (ischemia) of the spinal cord affects its function and can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis

Question 36

Alternative Circulation Pathways

Answer 36

Vertebral Venous Plexuses are important because blood may return from the pelvis or abdomen through these plexuses and reach the heart via the SVC when the IVC is obstructed

Question 37

Back Sprains

Answer 37

is an injury in which only ligamentous tissue or the attachment of ligament to bone is involved without dislocation or fracture

Question 38

Back Strain

Answer 38

involves some degree of stretching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers

Question 39

Conventional Radiographs for Vertebrae

Answer 39

are very good for high-contrast structures such as bone | Myelography: visualization of spinal cord and spinal nerve roots= radiopaque (largely replaced by MRI)

Question 40

Computerized Tomography (CT) of vertebrae

Answer 40

differentiates between the white and gray matter of the brain and spinal cord

Question 41

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 41

produces extremely good images of the vertebral column, spinal cord and CSF demonstrates the components of IV discs and shows their relationships to the vertebral bodies& longitudinal ligaments procedure of choice for evaluating IV disc disorders

Question 42

Paralysis of Serratus Anterior

Answer 42

serratus anterior is paralyzed because of injury to the long thoracic nerve the medial border of the scapula moves laterally and posteriorly away form the thoracic wall "winged scapula"

Question 43

Congenital Torticollis

Answer 43

contraction of the cervical muscles that produce twisting of the neck and slanting of the head (torticollis) "wry neck" results from a fibrous tissue tumor that develops in SCM before or shortly after birth

Question 44

Cervical Dsytonia

Answer 44

"spasmodic torticollis" usually begins in childhood involve any bilat combination of lateral neck muscles: SCM and traps

Question 45

Subclavian Vein Puncture

Answer 45

right or left subclavian veins is often the point of entry for the venous system for Central Line Replacement inserted to administer parental fluids and medications and to measure central venous pressure

Question 46

Severance of Phrenic Nerves and Phrenic Nerve Block

Answer 46

severance of phrenic nerve results in paralysis of the corresponding half of the diaphragm phrenic nerve block produces a short period of paralysis of the diaphragm on one side

Question 47

Nerve Blocks in Lateral Cervical Region

Answer 47

Cervical Plexus Block: injected a several points along the posterior border of SCM, mainly at the junction of its superior& middle thirds the nerve point of the neck

Question 48

Nerve Blocks in Lateral Cervical Regions | Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus

Answer 48

block injected around the supraclavicular part of the brachial plexus