Test 1 Flashcards
the scientific study of the biology of behavior
biopsychology
our genetic makeup
genotype
our observable traits
phenotype
a phenotypic characteristic that is a byproduct of the evolution of some other characteristic, rather than a direct product of adaptive selection
spandrel
a shift in the function of a trait during evolution; a trait can evolve because it served one particular function, but subsequently it may come to serve another
exaptation
influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes
sex-linked traits
What are the divisions of the nervous system?
- Central nervous system
- > Brain
- > Spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system
- > Somatic nervous system
- > > Afferent nerves
- > > Efferent nerves
- > Autonomic nervous system
- > > Afferent nerves
- > > Efferent nerves
- > > > Sympathetic nervous system
- > > > Parasympathetic nervous system
Describe the function of the CNS.
CNS is responsible for integrating sensory information and responding accordingly.
Describe the function of the PNS.
Serves to bring information into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS
Describe the function of the somatic nervous system.
voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.
Describe the function of the autonomic nervous system.
responsible for regulating involuntary body functions
Describe the function of the sympathetic nervous system.
activates the fight or flight response.
Describe the function of the parasympathetic nervous system.
activates tranquil functions; rest and restore.
What is the difference between afferent and efferent nerves?
- Afferent neurons sense stimuli and send information to the brain.
- Efferent neurons are the nerves that carry signals away from the central nervous system in order to initiate an action.
What is the brain protected by?
- Skull
- Meninges
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Blood-brain barrier
What is the function of the skull?
physical protection of the brain
What is the are the 3 different meninges and what are their characteristics?
- Outer - dura mater–tough outer membrane
- Middle - arachnoid mater–web-like membrane
- Inner - pia mater–adheres to CNS surface
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
fluid that serves as a cushion for the brain
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
tightly-packed cells of blood vessel walls prevent entry of many molecules
What are glial cells?
- Cells that support neurons
2. Outnumber neurons 10:1
What are the different glial cells?
- oligodendrocytes
- Schwann cells
- astrocytes
- microglia
What are oligodendrocytes?
glial cells that create myelin sheaths in the CNS
What are Schwann cells?
glial cells that create myelin sheath in the PNS; guide axonal regeneration
What are astrocytes?
glial cells that are the largest, star-shaped, and have many functions
What are microglia?
glial cells that are involved in response to injury or disease
selectively stains cell bodies
Nissl stain
What are the neuroanatomical directions?
- Dorsal >
- Ventral <
- Anterior ^
- Posterior v
- Medial > <
- Lateral < >
Other:
- Proximal - close
- Distal - far
Gray matter:
inner component, primarily cell bodies
White matter:
outer area, mainly myelinated axons
responsible for long-term or “declarative” memory.
hippocampus
governs body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, circadian rhythm, moods, sex drive, and the release of other hormones in the body.
hypothalamus
involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions.
thalamus
involved in the processing of emotions; also responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain.
amygdala
structures in the forebrain that help to control movement.
basal ganglia
structure that has a function in coordination.
cerebellum
controls autonomic functions, relay of nerve signals and body movement coordination. a center for respiration and circulation. deals primarily with involuntary functions from breathing to vomiting.
medulla
act as a pathway for signals transferring between the cerebrum and the cerebellum; helping transmit cranial nerve signals out of the brain and into the face and ears; and controlling certain involuntary functions like respiration and consciousness.
pons
What are the different lobes of the brain?
- Frontal
- Occipital
- Parietal
- Temporal
lobe associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language.
frontal lobe
lobe associated with processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain.
parietal lobe
lobe associated with interpreting sounds and the language we hear; also memory.
temporal lobe
lobe associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information.
occipital lobe
Resting membrane potential is about ___.
-70 mV
difference between electrical charge between inside and outside of cell
membrane potential
a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a consistent trajectory.
action potential
The opening and closing of voltage-activated sodium and potassium channels during the three phases of the action potential:
- rising phase
- repolarisation
- hyperpolarisation
When the rising phase starts:
sodium channels open