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Cardiopulm > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

VO2 max define

A

It’s the maximal volume of oxygen that you can take in through your lungs, deliver by your cardiovascular system to the muscle, and use for aerobic work.

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1
Q

EF or ejection fraction should increase with aerobic training through two main mechanisms….

A

increased plasma volume which increases preload (for F-S mechanism), and hypertrophy of the LV which increases SV through improved strength.

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2
Q

Define Heart Failure

A

“Inability of the patient to maintain adequate cardiacoutput at rest”

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3
Q

Define Ejection Fraction

A

Percent of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

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4
Q

Define preload

A

Volume of blood that returns to the heart and puts a stretch on the walls of the left ventricle
The volume of blood that stretches the ventricular myocardium just before ventricular contraction

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5
Q

Define afterload

A

the pressure against which the LV has to pump
The “load” or pressure in the systemic system against which the heart must pump
The load against which the ventricles must pump to eject blood

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6
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute

It is the product of stroke volume and heart rate

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7
Q

Define frank-starling law

A

A law stating that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart

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8
Q

Stroke volume define

A

The amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat

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9
Q

What are the hearts primary determinants of performance as a pump?

A

Preload
Afterload
Heart rate
Contractility

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10
Q

Blood pressure is determined by what?

A 
Cardiac output (stroke volume x heart rate)
Peripheral vascular resistance
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11
Q

Goal total cholesterol number

A

<200 mg/dL

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12
Q

Goal LDL number

A

<160 mg/dL

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13
Q

Goal HDL numbers

A

Men: >40
Women: >50

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14
Q

Goal triglyceride number

A

<150 mg/dL

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15
Q

Define Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

Shortness of breath

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16
Q

Three main mechanism for an MI:

A
  1. Oxygen demand outstrips supply in a narrowed artery
  2. Plaque grows to a point in which it occludes flow
  3. Plaque ruptures and travels down the coronary artery andoccludes flow
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17
Q

What is most specific and sensitive marker for an MI?

A

Troponin I

How high the levels are reflect how much of the heart muscles were damaged

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18
Q

A physical therapist looks at the angiography results of a 54
year old male who has been experiencing stable angina. The report notes that there is 80% occlusion of the RCA. Knowingthe anatomy of the coronary arteries, what physiological
symptoms/consequences might this patient experience?

A

Dysrhythmia’s

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19
Q

Define DOE

A

Dyspnea on exertion

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20
Q

Define orthopnea

A

SOB in supine

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21
Q

Aneurysm define

A

Dilation or outpocketing of blood vessel wall

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22
Q

Virchow triad define

A
  1. Stasis of blood flow
    a) Bedrest, immobility, paralysis
    b) Limits use of muscular pump
  2. Endothelia injury
    a) Trauma (fractures, soft tissue injury)
  3. Hypercoagulability of blood
    a) Oncologic diseases
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23
Q

What affect does atenelol have on the heart?

A

Slows down the SA node and workload on the heart

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24
What is the PMI and where is it located?
Point of maximum impulse Located at the apex of the heart (5th ICS in mid clavicular line)
25
What happens to the position of the PMI when the heart is hypertrophied.
Displaced laterally
26
What are the 2 major branches of the left coronary artery?
Left anterior descending (LAD) | Left circumflex artery (LCX)
27
In pts with ventricular dysfunction due to disease, many med treatments are aimed at optimizing ventricular performance by altering what?
Preload
28
What class of the NYHA is classified as marked limitation of physical activity, comfortable at rest but less than ordinary activity causes symptoms?
Class III
29
Describe the zone of infarction
Cells die and tissues become necrotic
30
Describe the zone of hypoxia injury
Adjacent to the zone of infarction which is less seriously damaged It is able to return to normal but may become necrotic if blood flow is not restored
31
In cardiac pump failure, the cardiac muscle fails to contract or relax adequately and results in what?
Marked reduction in stroke volume, cardiac output, and ejection fraction
32
What coronary artery supplies the SA node?
Right coronary artery
33
What effect does nitric oxide have in blood vessels?
Causes dilation of blood vessels
34
What effect does stiff vessels have on afterload
Increases afterload causing the heart to work harder to pump blood out
35
LV hypertrophy increase which BP level?
Diastolic pressure | Bc it is harder for heart to fill this hypertrophied LV
36
When do the coronary arteries fill
During diastole
37
How much is too much salt in one day
>2300 mg/day | Aka 1 tsp
38
True or false ischemia is irreversible
False ischemia is reversible however infarction is irreversible
39
What is the outer layer of a blood vessel?
Aventita
40
What layer of a blood vessel contains smooth muscle and why is this important
Middle layer, important because this smooth muscle helps vessel dilate and restrict
41
What is the first sign of plaque?
Fatty streak
42
Define ischemia
When oxygen does not equal oxygen demand
43
What are some anginal equivalents?
``` Dyspnea Fatigue Lightheaded ness Diaphoresis Pallor Indigestion ```
44
What is crescendo angina a sign of?
Impending MI or acute coronary syndrome
45
What are the 3 main mechanisms for an MI.
1. Oxygen demand outstrips supply in a narrowed artery 2. Plaque grows to a point in which it occluded flow 3. Plaque ruptures and travels down the coronary artery and occlude flow
46
Presences of ST elevation indicates what?
High probability of MI
47
Presence of Q wave indicates what?
High probability of MI | Transmural (full thickness)
48
What enzymes are looked for to determine if someone had MI
``` Troponin I Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK-MD) ```
49
What test is used to detect ischemia, infarction, and CAD?
Thallium stress test
50
What is the goal for MI treatment
Maximize cardiac output
51
What does a CABG do?
Bypass occlusion to return blood flow
52
Define end systolic volume
The volume of blood in the LV at end of diastole
53
RPP=
SBPxHR
54
What is the MOA of diuretics?
Causes dieresis which decreases plasma volume which decreases cardiac output which decreases BP
55
What blood thinner works to antagonize vitamin K which is necessary for several coagulation factors to work?
Warfarin
56
What changes are seen in peripheral muscles with heart failure?
Loss of type I fibers Decreased oxidative enzymes Decreased mitochondrial enzymes More frequent use of glycolysis
57
First-line agent for treating high cholesterol
Statins
58
What is indicated to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism
Anticoagulants | Warfarin heprin
59
What drug works to to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism
Heprin
60
What drug is used to Used to prevent arterial thrombus
Anti platelets Aspirin High risk of bleed and bruising
61
``` What drug class causes relaxation of cardiac and smooth muscle by blocking voltage sensitive calcium channels therefore causingvasodilation and decreased BP ```
Calcium channel blockers | Side effects weakness GeRD and constipation
62
Does DVT present with bi lateral or unilateral swelling?
Unilateral | HF presents with bilateral swelling
63
What med can reduce platelet count?
Aspirin
64
What is Fluid buildup in potential space termed
Pericardial effusion Causing decrease in venous return and decrease in ventricular filling Causing CO to drop too low to maintain life
65
What condition sounds like sand paper?
Ipericardial effusion | "itis" sound
66
Chest pain due to what is not position dependent?
Myocarditis and pericarditis
67
Blood flows through aorta and retrograde to LV | And Increases volume & pressure of LV
Aortic regurgitation
68
With CHF is EDV increased or decreased?
Increased Which increases pressure and those thin walls dont like the pressure, pressure then transmitted to pulmonary veins and circulation

Cardiopulm (3 decks)

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