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Sociology 101 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sociology?

A

study of human society and social interaction

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2
Q

What is a society?

A

large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

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3
Q

why study sociology?

A

Helps us gain a better understanding of ourselves and our social world.
Helps us see how behavior is shaped by the groups to which we belong and our society.
Promotes understanding and tolerance by helping us look beyond personal experiences and gain insight into the larger world order.

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4
Q

Sociological imagination

A

the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger society

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5
Q

High income countries

A

nations with highly industrialized economies, high levels of national and personal income

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6
Q

middle income countries

A

Sometimes referred to as developing countries, these are nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income.

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7
Q

Low income countries

A

primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.

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8
Q

Industrialization

A

The process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to dependence on manufacturing industries.

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9
Q

urbanization

A

The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than rural areas

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10
Q

Auguste comte

A

“founder of sociology”
positivism— a belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry.
believed objective, bias-free knowledge was attainable only through the use of science rather than religion.

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11
Q

Harriet martineau

A

believed society would emerge with equality

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12
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

believed societies develop through survival of the fittest

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13
Q

Social darwinism

A

animals best adapted to their environment survive and prosper
herbert spencer

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14
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

limits of humans potentials are socially based

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15
Q

Social facts

A

emile durkheim
patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person

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16
Q

Karl Marx

A 
Viewed history as a clash between conflicting ideas and forces. 
Believed class conflict produced social change and a better society.
Combined ideas from philosophy, history, and social science into a new theory.
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17
Q

Max Weber

A

Believed sociological research should exclude personal values and economic interests.
Provided insights on rationalization, bureaucracy and religion.

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18
Q

Georg Simmel

A

Theorized about society as a web of patterned interactions among people.
Analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the size of the social group.
Developed formal sociology, an approach that focuses attention on the universal recurring social forms that underlie the varying content of social interaction.

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19
Q

Jane Addams

A

Founded Hull House, one of the most famous settlement houses, in Chicago.
One of the authors of a methodology text used by sociologists for the next forty years.
Awarded Nobel Prize for assistance to the underprivileged.

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20
Q

W.E.B Du Bois

A

One of the first to note the identity conflict of being both Black and American.
Pointed out that people in the U.S. espouse values of democracy, freedom, and equality while they accept racism and group discrimination.

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21
Q

Functionalist perspectives

A

based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system

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22
Q

Conflict perspectives

A

groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources

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23
Q

Symbolic interactionist perspectives

A

society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups

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24
Q

postmodern perspectives

A

theories unsuccessful in explaining social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by global communications

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25
``` Which sociological perspective do you think explains the concept of inequality in our society the most accurately? Structural-functionalist Conflict Symbolic interactionist Feminist ```
feminst
26
theory and research cycle
theories - hypothesis - observations - generalizations
27
casual relationship
one causes another
28
inverse casual relationship
the lack of one causes another
29
multiple cause explanation
many factors cause one
30
.Sociology helps us get a better understanding of ourselves and our world by: enabling us to see how behavior is shaped by the groups to which we belong and the society in which we live. enabling us to see how behavior is shaped by the large social structures that comprise society. enabling us to see how behavior is shaped by the social institutions and close knit friendships in which we belong. enabling us to see how behavior is shaped by a combination of pathological and social forces.
enabling us to see how behavior is shaped by the groups to which we belong and the society in which we live.
31
. Using the Sociological Imagination allows us to: bridge knowledge between Psychology and Sociology. make personal troubles public issues. make in-roads into finding absolute truth. bridge the gap between micro and macro processes.
make personal troubles public issues.
32
.The approach that begins with a theory and uses research to test the theory is called: qualitative deductive quantitative inductive
deductive.
33
Durkheim identified four types of suicide. They are: Altruistic, Egoistic, Anomic, Fatalistic Altruistic, Egocentric, Anomic, Fatalistic Altruistic, Anthroscopic, Egocentric, Fatalistic Altruistic, Egoistic, Anthroscopic, Egocentric
Altruistic, Egoistic, Anomic, Fatalistic
34
what is culture
The knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.
35
material culture
Physical or tangible creations (such as clothing shelter, and art) that members of a society make, use, and share.
36
non material culture
Abstract or intangible human creations of society (such as attitudes, beliefs, and values) that influence people’s behavior.
37
components of culture
symbol language values norm
38
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
According to this theory, language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.
39
Prescriptive norms
state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable
40
Proscriptive norms
state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable.
41
Formal norms
written down and involve specific punishments for violators.
42
informal norms
unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity.
43
mores
Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences.
44
Countercultures
Countercultures are groups that strongly reject dominant society values and norms and seek alternative lifestyles
45
High culture
High Culture: Activities patronized by members of the upper-middle and upper classes, with time, money, and knowledge assumed necessary for its appreciation.
46
Popular Culture
Popular Culture: Activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to the middle and working classes
47
.________ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share. Nonmaterial culture Cultural universals Material culture High culture
Material culture
48
Language, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, family patterns, and political systems are examples of: material culture high culture nonmaterial culture cultural universals
nonmaterial culture
49
``` An example of a symbol is: a dove all of the choices a heart Nazi swastika ```
all of the choices
50
According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: reality is objective and is easily understood by humans. language shapes the view of reality of its speakers. reality is based on the interactions of individuals. with more knowledge, a person minimizes the influence of language.
language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.
51
According to Karl Marx, and Marxist theorists: none of the choices. ideas are used by agents of the wealthy to affect the thoughts and actions of members of other classes. ideas are effective for the working classes to motivate the wealthy. ideas have little impact on the relations between the wealthy and poor in societies.
ideas are used by agents of the wealthy to affect the thoughts and actions of members of other classes.
52
Sanctions are only punishments when behavior or attitudes are deviant. False True
false
53
Socialization
The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.
54
nature
heredity
55
nurture
social environment
56
Id
Id: basic biological drives and needs immediate gratification (i want candy)
57
Ego
Ego: rational, reality-oriented component that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure seeking (i will wait for candy)
58
superego
Superego: conscience, moral and ethical aspects of personality (its wrong to steal)
59
Cooley: the looking glass self
we imagine how others judge us
60
Mead and Role taking
I is what i believe | me is what others think of me
61
Socialization is essential for: the individual's survival and for human development. all of the choices. the survival and stability of society. society to learn how to reproduce itself.
all of the choices
62
The lifelong practice of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society, is called: socialization sociological imagination acculturation assimilation
socialization
63
Kohlberg's research classified moral reasoning into three sequential levels as follows: id, ego, superego imagination, imitation, and simulation preparatory, play, game preconventional, conventional, postconventional
preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
64
The ________ by Charles Horton Cooley refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others. generalized other reference group self Looking-glass self ego
looking glass self
65
``` Agents of socialization include: mass media school all of the choices the family ```
all the choices
66
Piagets stages of cognitive devoplement
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operation
67
kohlbergs stages of moral development
preconvenntional, conventional, post conventional
68
Gilligan’s Stages of Female Moral Development
Stage 1: A woman is motivated primarily by selfish concerns. Stage 2: She recognizes her responsibility to others. Stage 3: She makes a decision based on a desire to do the greatest good for self and for others.
69
Social structure
Social structure is the framework of societal institutions (politics, and religion) and social practices (social roles) that make up a society and establish limits on behavior.
70
social interaction
Social interaction is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.
71
status
A socially defined position in society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.
72
Ascribed status
Social position based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
73
Achieved status
Social position that a person assumes as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
74
roles
A set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.
75
Role Conflict
Occurs when incompatible demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.
76
Role Strain
Occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that the person holds.
77
Social group
A social group consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.
78
social institution
A social institution is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs. Family; Religion; Education; Economy; Government or politics
79
Durkheim's Typology of Social Solidarity
Social solidarity is based on social structure which is based on division of labor.
80
Gemeinschaft: Tonnies
A Gemeinschaft society would be made up of the various family trees and how they are related to one another.
81
Gesellschaft: Tonnies
A Gesellschaft society would be made up of clumps of trees, each has a specialized relationship and may not be committed to the others.
82
industrial societies
Industrial societies are based on technology that mechanizes production. People who are unemployed do not share the same status markers as those who have jobs.
83
Postindustrial society
A postindustrial society is one in which technology supports a service and information based economy. They are characterized by an economy in which large numbers of people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs.
84
Ethnomethodology
The study of the commonsense knowledge people use to understand situations.
85
Harold Garfinkel
ethno for “people” and methodology for “a system of methods.”
86
Goffman: Dramaturgical Analysis
The study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.
87
sociology of emotions
Sociology of emotions helps us understand the social context of our feelings and the relationship between the roles we play and emotions we experience.
88
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Establishes the relationship among people in terms of their power over one another.
89
``` ________ is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people. Role taking Social interaction Role performance Role expectation ```
social interaction
90
``` Being a college professor is a(n): achieved status tertiary status none of the choices ascribed status ```
achieved status
91
``` Being a homeless person is a(n): none of the choices tertiary status ascribed status master status ```
master status
92
``` Women who work for less pay, less prestige, and more career roadblocks often experience: role conflict role exit role strain role ambiguity ```
role strain.
93
Nonverbal communication regulates our conversations. True. False.
true
94
mater status
most important | being poor or rich
95
status symbol
specific status | wedding ring

Sociology 101 (1 decks)

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