test 1-3 Flashcards
1
Q
atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of
A
matter
2
Q
the formula e=mc2 represents
A
nuclear power
3
Q
ionizing radiation is capable of _____ electrons
A
removing
4
Q
biggest source of man made radiation
A
diagnostic x-rays
5
Q
exposure is measured in
A
grays
6
Q
today radiology is considered
A
a very safe operation
7
Q
ALARA means
A
As low as reasonably achievable
8
Q
filtration is used to absorb
A
low energy x-rays
9
Q
photons with the highest frequencies have the
A
shortest wavelength
10
Q
which scientist discovered x-rays
A
william roentgen
crookes
11
Q
smallest particle all the properties of an element
A
atom
12
Q
positively charges nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons is what theory?
A
Bohr
13
Q
atom is normal state is
A
electrical charge is 0
14
Q
binding energies is represented by
A
shells
15
Q
atom same number proton but different number neutrons is called
A
isotope
16
Q
atoms combines form is called
A
molecules
17
Q
atom looses or gains electrons
A
ion
18
Q
innermost electron shell is
A
K
19
Q
a chemical compound is any quantity of
A
one type of molecule
20
Q
during beta atom releases
A
electron
21
Q
the only difference between gamma and x-ray is their..
A
origin
22
Q
smallest electromagnetic radiation
A
photon
23
Q
rise and fall of sin wave is
A
frequency
24
Q
wavelength beam of electromagnetic radiation is increases by factor of 2 then frequency is
A
decreased by half
25
the reduction of radiation intensity due to scattering and absorption is called
attenuation
26
the lowest energy range of electromagnetic spectrum is
radio waves
27
photons tend to interact with matter
equal in size with their wavelengths
28
smallest unit of charge is
electron
29
like charges _____ unlike charges ____
repel, attract
30
on the surface of an electrified object the charges concentrate on
the sharpest curvature
31
a ____ is a source of direct current
battery
32
ohms law
i=v/r
33
rubber and glass are
insulators
34
the magnetic intensity of an electro magnets is greatly increased by the addition of a
iron core
35
an alternating ac current is represented by
sinusoidal line
36
US alternating current goes through a complete cycle every
1/60 seconds
37
```
test 2
_________ is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from the other.
Contrast
Resolution
Detail
Noise
```
resolution
38
```
Higher speed image receptors generally produce images with ____________.
better resolution
increased noise
higher contrast
improved detail
```
increased noise
39
In general radiography, the useful optical densities lie between _____ and _____.
0. 25, 2.5
0. 5, 1.0
1. 0, 1.5
2. 0, 3.0
0.25,2.5
40
```
The best way to minimize magnification is to use a __________.
long SID
small OID
large OID
Both A and B
```
both A and B
41
Distortion can be reduced by ____________________________.
placing the object plane perpendicular to the image plane
placing the object plane parallel to the image plane
directing the central ray 15° from the object plane
increasing the SID and the OID
placing the object plane perpendicular to the image plane
42
```
The _____ represents zero or one.
byte
bit
gigabyte
terabyte
```
bit
43
```
In computer language, _________ is a “word.”
2 bytes
2 bits
16 units
8 pixels
```
2 bytes
44
```
Projectile electrons travel from ______________.
anode to cathode
cathode to anode
target to patient
inner shell to outer shell
```
cathode to anode
45
```
During an exposure, most of the ________ energy of the projectile electrons is converted to ________
kinetic, x-rays
x-ray, kinetic
kinetic, heat
heat, kinetic
```
kinetic, heat
46
The efficiency of x-ray production is ___________ the tube current.
indirectly proportional to
directly proportional to
not affected by
strongly affected by
not affected by
47
Electron interactions at the inner-shell of the target atoms produce _____ radiation.
gamma
Bremsstrahlung
characteristic
all of the above kinds of
characteristic
48
Characteristic x-rays are produced by __________________.
braking electrons
excitation of outer shell electrons
nuclear fragmentation
released binding energy
released binding energy
49
The quantity of bremsstrahlung radiation increases proportionately with increased _____.
kVp
mAs
filtration
rotor speed
mAs
50
The ______________ of an x-ray beam is higher when the peak of the emission spectrum is further to the __________.
quality, right
quantity, right
quality, left
quantity, left
quality right
51
number of x-rays in the useful beam defines x-ray ________.
kVp
quality
quantity
mAs
quantity
52
X-ray quantity increases in direct proportion to increases in __________.
mAs
kVp
distance
filtration
mAs
53
If the distance from the source to the image (SID) is reduced by half, how is the x-ray intensity at the image affected?
It is increased 4 times.
it is doubled.
It is reduced by 1/2.
It is reduced by 1/4.
increased 4 times
54
Beam quality is affected by ______________.
mAs and distance
kVp and mAs
kVp and filtration
filtration and mAs
kVp and filtration
55
-ray beam quality is improved by ____________.
lowering kVp
decreasing filtration
increasing filtration
increasing distance
increasing filtration
56
The two primary forms of x-ray interaction in the diagnostic range are ________________.
Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption
Compton scattering and pair production
photoelectric absorption and coherent scattering
coherent scattering and Thompson scattering
Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption
57
```
An incident x-ray interacts with an atom without ionization during ______________.
photoelectric absorption
Compton scattering
coherent scattering
pair production
```
coherent scattering
58
Which x-ray interaction involves the ejection of the K-shell electron?
Coherent scattering
Compton interaction
Pair production
Photoelectric absorption
photoelectric absorption
59
Compton scatter is directed at _____ angle from the incident beam.
a 180°
a 90°
a 0°
any
any
60
In ________________, there is complete absorption of the incident x-ray photon.
photoelectric interaction
Compton interaction
pair production
coherent scatter
photoelectric interaction
61
___________ occurs only at the very high energies used in radiation therapy and in nuclear medicine P.E.T. imaging.
Coherent scatter
Compton scatter
Photoelectric absorption
Pair production
pair production
62
K-shell binding energy increases with increasing ____________.
mass density
kVp
atomic number
mAs
atomic number
63
Which has the greatest mass density?
Fat
Soft tissue
Bone
Air
Bone
64
Barium is a good contrast agent because of its __________________.
low atomic number
high atomic number
light color
low density
high atomic number
65
Computed radiography screens respond to radiation with ______________________.
fluorescence
electron emission
photostimulable luminescence
biological phosphorescence
photostimbulable luminescence
66
The computed radiography cassette is called a(n) ______________ plate.
optical
imaging
laser
thermoluminescent
imaging
67
The principal source of noise in computed radiography is ____________________.
scatter radiation
background radiation
computer noise
phosphor scatter
scatter radiation
68
The digital imaging plate can sit for some time after the erase cycle.
True
False
false
69
Digital imaging techniques are always applied to ___________________.
computed tomography (CT)
ultrasound
magnetic resonance imaging
All of the above
all of the above
70
In digital radiography, the brightness of the image is determined by _________
pixel values
Hounsfield units
automatic brightness control
film contrast
pixel values
71
In digital radiography, spatial resolution is improved with increased _____________.
field of view
Hounsfield units
pixel size
matrix size
matrix size
72
The dynamic range determines the degree of __________________ in the image.
contrast resolution
spatial resolution
motion blur
All of the above
contrast resolution
73
Spatial resolution is determined by the ratio of ________________ to ____________.
matrix size, field of view
field of view, matrix size
bit depth, field of view
field of view, dynamic range
field of view, matrix size
74
Conventional x-ray tubes and cassettes are used with ________ radiography systems.
computed
scanned projection
direct capture
All of the above
computed
75
Radiographic image quality is improved when the __________ is increased.
source image distance
focal spot size
film speed
screen speed
source image distance
76
If 5% of an incident beam is transmitted through a body part, then 95% of that beam was ______________.
scattered
attenuated
absorbed
back-scattered
attenuated
77
test 3
A charge-coupled device used in digital fluoroscopy provides high _________________.
spatial resolution
signal-to-noise ratio
detective quantum efficiency
All of the above
all of the above
78
Digital fluoroscopy with a charge-coupled device has lower _____________ and higher ______________ than conventional fluoroscopy.
light sensitivity, patient dose
patient dose, light sensitivity
detective quantum efficiency, maintenance
signal-to-noise ratio, patient dose
patient dose, light sensitivity
79
```
A principal advantage of digital fluoroscopy is the ______________.
dynamic range
image acquisition rate
image subtraction
progressive mode
```
image subtraction
80
The combination of temporal and energy subtraction techniques is called _________.
interlacing mode subtraction
hybrid subtraction
dual subtraction
superimposition
hybrid subtraction
81
Hybrid imaging can produce the highest-quality digital fluoroscopy images only if _________________.
remasking is employed
energy subtraction is used
patient motion is controlled
remasking is completed
patient motion is controlled
82
Digital fluoroscopic dose rate is lower than that for continuous analog fluoroscopy.
True
False
true
83
When doing soft tissue radiography, the differential absorption between ________ and ______ must be enhanced.
bone, muscle
muscle, fluid
muscle, fat
fat, air
muscle, fat
84
The breast tissue tends to be increasingly _________ in older women.
fatty
dense
glandular
fibrous
fatty
85
About 50% of breast cancer occurs in the __________ quadrant .
upper inner
lower inner
upper outer
lower outer
upper, outer
86
It is recommended that women obtain their first baseline mammogram before the age of _____.
30
40
50
60
40
87
A dedicated mammography unit should have an automatic adjustable _____________ device.
grid
compression
focal spot
filter
compression
88
A target of molybdenum or rhodium is preferable in mammography because it reduces the _____________.
resolution
scatter
contrast
motion
scatter
89
Breast compression has the advantage of lowering _________________.
patient dose
motion blur
superimpositions
All of the above
all of the above
90
Breast compression is used to _______ patient dose and ________ focal spot blur.
lower, reduce
lower, increase
raise, reduce
raise, increase
lower, reduce
91
Distance and attenuation are
directly related
indirectly related
inversely proportional
proportional
directly related
92
Higher frequencies have/has ________ while lower frequencies have____________
less attenuation, more attenuation
more attenuation, less attenuation
more attenuation, less attenuation
93
Of the following what does not contribute to attenuation.
reflection
scattering
absorption
all of the above contribute to attenuation
all of the above contribute to attenuation
94
As sound strikes the boundary layer between tissue interfaces, some of the sound is reflected back to its source
True
False
true
95
Scattering results in____ of sound
organized redirection
random redirection
total attenuation
specular redirection
random redirection
96
The half value layer thickness is the distance sound must travel in a medium that reduces the intensity of sound to ½ its original value (intensity).
True
False
true
97
during ultrasound imaging higher frequencies result in ________ images.
lower quality
higher quality
no change in image quality
higher quality
98
Most of the energy in ultrasonic imaging is converted to ______ during absorption
electrical
mechanical
heat
cold
heat
99
Spatial frequency is used to describe the quality of spatial resolution in terms of _____________.
pixel size
modular transfer function
line pairs
contrast resolution
line pairs
100
In digital imaging, spatial resolution is ultimately limited by ___________________.
focal spot size
spatial frequency
contrast resolution
pixel size
pixel size
101
The human visual system can distinguish ________ shades of gray.
10
30
300
1000
30
102
The number of gray shades that an imaging system can reproduce is called its ________________.
spatial frequency
contrast
spatial resolution
dynamic range
dynamic range
103
The bit capacity of each pixel identifies the ___________ of a digital imaging system.
dynamic range
gray scale
spatial frequency
MTF
dynamic range
104
As mAs is increased the signal-to-noise ratio is ____________.
decreased
increased
not affected
doubled
increased
105
```
Image detail is also called _______________________.
spatial resolution
spatial frequency
signal-to-noise ratio
dynamic range
```
spatial resolution
106
With digital imaging, patient dose can be reduced by using higher ______ techniques.
mAs
kVp
optical density
contrast
kVp
107
In MRI imaging the typical m matrix size is _____
3000 x 3000
256 x 256
256 x 192
512 x 256
256x192
108
____ of the following which has the lowest spatial resolution?
Digital X-ray
Fluoroscopy
Digital fluoroscopy
MRI
MRI
109
Most MRI images are acquired _______ with some sequences taking _______ time.
after two minutes, more
in less one minute, more than five minutes
after two minutes, less
after two minutes, more
110
MRI is a safe imaging procedure that can be utilized for any patient with limitations. These limitations may include:
patients who have recently eaten
patients with cholelithiasis
patients with a pacemaker
there are no limitations
patients with a pacemaker
111
MRI provides _________ contrast resolution which allows for the visualization of structures _______ on conventional radiographs.
decreased, seen
improved, unseen
improved, seen
improved, unseen
112
in between patient imaging the magnet is
off so it is safe for anyone to enter
still on and personnel are restricted from entering the room
still on but safe for anyone to enter the room
still on and personnel are restricted from entering the room
113
what is sentinel node imaging used for?
imaging primary breast cancer
imaging distant lymph node for suspected metastatic disease
imaging a suspected primary metastatic lymph node
general cancerous mass localization
imaging a suspected primary metastatic lymph node
114
What is Nuclear Medicine fusion imaging
they both provide similar
imaging results
combines the anatomic
imaging of nuclear medicine with the functional imaging of CT
combines the anatomic imaging of nuclear medicine with the anatomical imaging of CT
combines the functional imaging of nuclear medicine with the anatomic imaging of CT
combines the functional imaging of nuclear medicine with the anatomic imaging of CT
115
What is the most common cancer nuclear medicine is us used to treat
lung
liver
Thyroid
billary
thyroid
116
now do the nuclear medicine technologist protect themselves radiation during their daily routine
transport the material in shielded containers
wearing gloves while aspirating and injection radioactive material
placing the radioactive syringe in a special syringe shield
all of the above should be done
all of the above should be done
117
what is the importance of the inverse square law in nuclear medicine?
none it is only important in X-rayct!
protects the technologist from the radioactive patient
not important as most radioactivity is so low there is no need to be concerned
since the radioactive material is shielded there is no need to worry
protects the technologist from the radioactive patient
118
during PET imaging photons are detected on/by the ________ by a process called ______ imaging
detector ring, compton scatter
detector ring, coincident event
gamma camera, compton scatter
gamma camera, photoelectric effect
detector ring, coincident event
119
1. ______________ is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from the other.
a. Contrast
b. Spatial resolution
c. Detail
d. Noise
spatial resolution
120
2. The dynamic range determines the degree of ________ in the image.
a. Contrast resolution
b. Spatial resolution
c. Motion blur
d. All of the above
contrast resolution
121
3. Digital fluoroscopic dose is lower than that for continuous analog fluoroscopy
a. True
b. False
true
122
4. MRI has a higher _________ than radiography.
a. Spatial resolution
b. Low contrast resolution
c. Patient tolerance
d. High contrast resolution
low contrast resolution
123
5. In MRI hydrogen is primarily because its
a. Easy
b. Fast
c. Abundant
d. Small
abundant
124
6. fMRI looks at _________ of typically the brain
a. perfusion
b. transfusion
c. T1
d. T2
perfusion
125
7. Currently the imaging modality with the highest spatial resolution is
a. Radiography
b. Mammography
c. CT
d. MRI
mammography
126
8. Which of the following is predominantly functional/physiological
a. MRI
b. CT
c. NM
d. Sonography
NM
127
9. Which of the following are high dose modalities (more than one)
a. Mammography
b. Fluoroscopy
c. Radiography
d. CT
e. NM
fluoroscopy
| CT
128
10. Which of the following uses gamma rays
a. NM
b. PET
c. CT
d. MRI
NM
129
A positron is produced in which modality?
a. SPECT
b. PET
c. NM
d. MRI
PET
130
The use of contrast agents increases the amount of ______________.
a. Differential absorption
b. Compton scatter
c. Photoelectric absorption
d. All of the above
all of the above
131
13. ___________ is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from the other.
a. Contrast resolution
b. Spatial resolution
c. Detail
d. Noise
spatial resolution
132
Digital imaging techniques are always applied to
a. CT
b. Ultrasound
c. MRI
d. All of the above
all of the above
133
15. Digital imaging could only be developed after advances were made in
a. Microprocessors
b. Semiconductor memory
c. Photostimulable phosphors
d. Both A and B
both a and b
microprocessors
semiconductor memory
134
16. What is the most recent development in digital image
a. Fanned x-ray beams
b. Linear array radiation detectors
c. Photostimulable phosphors
d. Direct capture solid state devices
direct capture solid state devices
135
In digital radiography, spatial resolution is improved with increased ________.
a. Field of view
b. Hounsfield units
c. Pixel size
d. Matrix size
matrix size
136
18. The dynamic range determines the degree of ___________ in the image.
a. Contrast resolution
b. Spatial resolution
c. Motion blur
d. All of the above
contrast resolution
137
19. Spatial resolution is determined by the ratio of ________ to ____________.
a. Matrix, field of view
b. Field of view, matrix
c. Bit depth, field of view
d. Field of view, dynamic
field of view, matrix
138
Conventional x-ray tubes and cassettes are used with ____________ radiography systems
a. computed
b. scanned projection
c. direct capture
d. all of the above
computed
139
21. Which of the following has the highest spatial resolution
a. Radiography
b. Mammography
c. CT
d. MRI
mammography
140
22. As spatial resolution increases lp/mm _________
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains the same
d. Depends on the modalit
increases
141
23. MRI is safe for everyone.
a. True
b. False
false
142
24. MRI uses _________ to produce images.
a. Water
b. Photons
c. Hydrogen
d. Electrons
hydrogen
143
25. NM is considered a primarily ____________ modality.
a. Structural
b. Functional
c. Therapeutic
d. None
functional
144
26. PET stands for _________
a. Photon emission tomography
b. Proton emission tomography
c. Positron emission tomography
d. People explain things
Positron emission tomography
145
27. Digital fluoroscopy uses at least _________ monitor(s).
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
2
146
A principal advantage of digital fluoroscopy is the _________.
a. Dynamic range
b. Image acquisition rate
c. Image subtraction
d. Progressive mode
image subtraction
147
29. Digital fluoroscopy systems with hybrid capabilities use both _________.
a. Interlace and progressive modes
b. High mAs and low mass techniques
c. Temporal and energy subtraction
d. Charge coupled devices and TV monitors
temporal and energy subtraction
148
30. The combination of temporal and energy subtraction techniques is called ___________.
a. Interlacing mode subtraction
b. Hybrid subtraction
c. Dual subtraction
d. Superimposition
hybrid subtraction
149
31. Digital fluoroscopic dose rate is lower than that for continuous analog fluoroscopy.
a. True
b. False
true
150
32. A gamma camera captures what?
a. Gamma rays
b. X-rays
c. MR signals
d. A and b
gamma rays
151
33. Which modality is primarily physiologic?
a. Radiography
b. Sonography
c. NM
d. CT
NM
152
34. Perfusion is a measure of
a. Airflow
b. Blood flow
c. Pulse rate
d. None of these
blood flow
153
35. A patient with implanted orthopedic devices can be safely imaged in MR. (T/F)
a. True
b. False
true
154
Which of the following has the highest spatial resolution?
a. CT
b. MR
c. Radiography
d. NM
radiography
155
37. Which modalities are potentially therapeutic as well as diagnostic? (this question has more than one answer)
a. Radiography
b. NM
c. MR
d. CT
e. Sonography
radiography
| nm
156
38. Which modality is the slowest at acquiring images?
a. Radiography
b. NM
c. MR
d. CT
nm
157
39. SPECT imaging relies primarily on….
a. Sugar metabolism
b. Perfusion
c. Inhalation
d. Fat absorption
perfusion
158
40. Digital fluoroscopy uses a ________ x-ray beam.
a. Pulsed
b. Continuous
c. Sporadic
d. Burst
pulsed
159
41. MRI typically utilizes which element?
a. Water
b. Hydrogen
c. Oxygen
d.
hydrogen
160
42. Further imaging workup of breast cancer can include? Select three.
a. Ultrasound
b. Fluoroscopy
c. Tomosynthesis
d. MRI
e. CT
Ultrasound
tomosynthesis
mri
161
Recent studies have shown that 50% of breast cancers will occur in the ________.
a. Upper outer quadrant
b. Upper inner quadrant
c. Lower outer quadrant
d. Lower inner quadrant
upper outer quadrant
162
44. Mammography is radiographic imaging of the _________.
a. Skull
b. Abdomen
c. Breast
d. Pelvis
breast
163
45. Approximately _________ of breast cancer is DCIS.
a. 15%
b. 20%
c. 50%
d. 80%
80
164
46. Soft tissue radiography requires special techniques because of the low _________.
a. Image receptor contrast
b. Subject contrast
c. Part thickness
d. Spatial resolution
subject contrast
165
47. When doing soft tissue radiography, the differential absorption between _______ and ________ must be enhanced.
a. Bone, muscle
b. Muscle, fluid
c. Glandular, fat
d. Fat, air
glandular fat
166
48. In the soft tissue radiography, all of the tissues being imaged have similar __________.
a. Effective atomic number
b. Mass densities
c. Attenuation properties
d. All listed are similar
e. None listed are similar
all listed are similar
167
49. The breast tissue tends to be increasingly ________ in older women.
a. Fatty
b. Dense
c. Glandular
d. fibrous
fatty
168
50. A diagnostic mammogram must be able to demonstrate microcalcifications less than _____ in size.
a. 1mm
b. 1.5mm
c. 0.5mm
d. 10mm
0.5mm
169
51. Breast compression increases ___________.
a. Radiation dose
b. Motion blur
c. Patient comfort
d. Spatial resolution
spatial resolution
170
52. ____________ resolution is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from the other.
a. Spatial
b. Temporal
c. Bit depth
d. Matrix
spatial
171
53. Differential absorption is dependent on the three factors listed. Select the three factors.
a. kVp of the exposure
b. atomic number of the absorber
c. mass density of the absorber
d. pixel size
e. exposure time
kvp of the exposure
atomic number of the absorber
mass density of the absorber
172
54. DCIS appears on a mammogram as _________.
a. A rounded mass
b. A lobular mass
c. Microcalcifications
d. A speculated mass
microcalcifications
