Test 1 Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
Relatively distal necessary or contributory cause that is not sufficient to cause disorder
A
diathesis
2
Q
Response of individual to taxing demands
A
stress
3
Q
Combination of response of individual to taxing demands and contributory cause that is not sufficient to cause disorder can lead to disorder in the individual. This is known as:
A
the diathesis-stress model
4
Q
the ability to adapt successfully to very difficult circumstances
A
resilience
5
Q
influences that modify a person’s response
A
protective factors
6
Q
a general model or approach stating that biological, psychological (which entails thoughts, emotions, and behaviors), and social (socio-economical, socio-environmental, and cultural) factors, all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness
A
biopsychosocial perspective
7
Q
What are the major neurotransmitters?
A
- serotonin
- dopamine
- GABA
- glutamate
- acetylcholine
8
Q
functions of serotonin:
A
- excitatory
- has to do with anxiety
- memory and learning
- sleep
- appetite
- emotional behaviour
9
Q
functions of dopamine:
A
- excitatory
- motor control
- attention
- pleasure
10
Q
functions of GABA:
A
- the only inhibitory NT in CNS
- contributes to motor control
- vision
- regulates anxiety
11
Q
functions of glutamate:
A
- excitatory
- fast-acting
- memory and learning
12
Q
How do neurons communicate?
A
- electrical impulse travels down the axon of a presynaptic neuron
- goes to axon endings (buttons)
- NT vesicles exit via exocytosis
- NTs attach to receptor sites on the dendrite or cell body of postsynaptic neurons
- electrical impulse is initiated or inhibited on the postsynaptic neuron
13
Q
What is a genotype?
A
the total genetic endowment
14
Q
What is a phenotype?
A
observable structural and functional characteristics
15
Q
the part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest
A
id
16
Q
the part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity
A
ego
17
Q
How does the ego cope?
A
often deals with neurotic or moral anxiety by resorting to ego defense mechanisms
18
Q
the part of a person’s mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers
A
superego
19
Q
a mental process initiated, typically unconsciously, to avoid conscious conflict or anxiety
A
defense mechanism
20
Q
a defense mechanism that involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior
A
rationalisation
21
Q
a defense mechanism that allows us to act out unacceptable impulses by converting these behaviors into a more acceptable form, ex. taking up kickboxing to vent anger
A
sublimation
22
Q
defense mechanism that acts to keep information out of conscious awareness. However, these memories don’t just disappear; they continue to influence our behavior.
A
repression
23
Q
defense mechanism - when confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to patterns of behavior used earlier in development
A
regression
24
Q
a defense mechanism that involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people
A
projection
25
a defense mechanism that involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening
displacement
26
a defense mechanism that reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse or behavior. An would be treating someone you strongly dislike in an excessively friendly manner in order to hide your true feelings.
reaction formation
27
the process of developing a psyche in relation to others in the environment during childhood. suggests that the way people relate to others and situations in their adult lives is shaped by family experiences during infancy.
object relations theory
28
a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone
classical conditioning
29
a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior
operant conditioning
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involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future
positive reinforcement
31
involves presenting an unfavorable outcome or event following an undesirable behavior
positive punishment
32
a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus
negative reinforcement
33
involves taking something good or desirable away in order to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior
negative punishment
34
learning by seeing alone without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus
observational learning
35
What is the cognitive-behavioural perspective?
- focuses on how thoughts and information processing become distorted
- leads to maladaptive emotions and behaviour
36
What is humanism?
- perspective that humans have potential for growth
| - embraces new ideas; mindfulness; acceptance and commitment
37
What is the sociocultural perspective?
- sociocultural factors affect human development and behaviour
- individual personality development and norms and values of larger society
- society-specific stressors-specific and mental disorders
38
What are the different parenting styles?
- authoritative
- authoritarian
- permissive
- neglectful
39
Parents are high on warmth and moderate on control; very careful to set clear limits and restrictions regarding certain kinds of behaviours.
authoritative
40
Parents are low on warmth and high on control and often cold and demanding.
authoritarian
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Parents are high on warmth and low on control and discipline.
permissive
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Parents are low on warmth and low on control.
neglectful
43
What was the spiritual approach to understanding abnormal behaviour?
- abnormal behaviour was due to possession by good or evil spirits
- egyptian-surgery or prayers
44
A perspective typically holds that people are inherently good. It adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and human potential. It encourages viewing ourselves as a "whole person" greater than the sum of our parts and encourages self exploration rather than the study of behavior in other people.
humanitarian psychology
45
What is trephination?
drilling a hole in the skull to let out what is believed to be evil spirits
46
What is humoral theory of mental illness?
the belief that bodily fluids influence temperament and health
47
activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums
Dorothy Dix
48
What are the criteria for psychological disorder? (short answer question)
- according to DSM 5, mental disorder arises by
- behavioural, psychological, or biological developmental dysfunction in an individual
- there is a clinically significant behavioural or psychological syndrome or pattern
- mental disorder is associated with distress or disability
49
Distinguish between psychiatrist, psychologist, therapist, psychiatric nurse and social worker in terms of education
- psychiatrist - MD
- psychologist - PhD or PsyD
- therapist - MA or MS
- psychiatric nurse - RN
- social worker - BSW or MSW
50
refers to the extent to which assessments are consistent
reliability
51
refers to the accuracy of an assessment -- whether or not it measures what it is supposed to measure
validity
52
The condition motivating admission of a patient to the hospital or for outpatient treatment
principal diagnosis
53
Determination of which one of two or more diseases with similar symptoms is the one from which the patient is suffering
differential diagnosis
54
What does standardisation of psychological tests refer to?
- giving the same test in the same manner to all individuals
| - normative data from population to compare the particular person we are testing with
55
Distinguish between structured and unstructured interviews (short answer question)
Structured interview: questions are asked in a set order and interviewer will not deviate from interview schedule or ask beyond the simple answer received. These interviews are based on close-ended questions.
Unstructured interview: An interview schedule might not be used, and even if one is used, they will contain open-ended questions that can be asked in any order. Some questions might be added / missed as the interview progresses.
56
What are the two categories of psychological tests that clinicians use?
- intelligence test
| - personality test
57
What are the most commonly used intelligence tests?
- WISC-IV and Stanford-Binet (for children)
| - WAIS-III (for adults)
58
Assessment methods that use a restricted response format (ordinal scale ratings or true/false questions), and which contain extensively tested validity scales to determine whether the person taking the test is responding truthfully
objective personality test
59
What are projective tests? (short answer question)
a personality test in which a person is presented with ambiguous stimuli and meaning is projected onto the stimuli by the individual; these projections reveal hidden motives.
Examples are:
-Rorschach Inkblot Test-individual is given ambiguous images with ink and asked to say what comes to mind
-Thematic Apperception Test-an individual is given a series of pictures of emotionally ambiguous situations and interprets them
-Sentence Completion Test-an individual is given the beginning of a sentence and told to complete the sentence. This test is based on the idea that the completion the individual comes up with reveals their thoughts, fantasies, and emotional conflicts.
60
Why is it important to include neurological examination of a patient?
they can determine site of brain disorder and the extent of the brain disorder
61
What may a neurological exam include?
- EEG
- CAT scan
- PET scan
- fMRI
62
What is the purpose of a neuropsychological assessment? What are the tests neuropsychologists may use in their assessment?
Neuropsychological examination measures cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance. It provides clues to extent and location of brain damage.
Tests that are used are:
-Trail Making Test A-a test of visual attention and task switching in which the patient is asked to connect a set of dots as quickly and accurately as possible.
-Clock Drawing Test-a test used for Alzheimer's and other types of dementia; patient is asked to draw a clock, put in all the numbers, and set the hands at certain points
-Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-patient is presented cards and asked to match them but not how to match
-Boston Naming Test-measures frequency of word retrieval/recall in a given set of drawings
-Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test-patients are given a number every few seconds and are asked to add the number they just heard with the number they heard before. measures capacity for information processing and attention.
63
What are case study advantages?
specific individual observed and described in detail
64
Limitations of case studies?
- subject to bias of author
| - low generalisability
65
What are surveys?
participants are asked to provide information about themselves
66
occurs when a researcher controls all extraneous variables and the only variable influencing the results of a study is the one being manipulated by the researcher. This means that the variable the researcher intended to study is indeed the one affecting the results and not some other, unwanted variables
internal validity
67
refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or extended to others
external validity
68
the probability of some result from a statistical test occurring by chance
statistical significance
69
What is meant when we say it is statistically significant?
The percentage measured is the percentage of the experiment results that occurred by chance, so a low percentage is a good thing, meaning the rest of the results were not obtained by chance.
70
variable the experimenter manipulates
independent variable
71
variable the experimenter measures
dependent variable
72
What is random assignment?
when subjects themselves do not determine which experimental condition they will be in but, instead, are randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups
73
a process of gathering a representative sample for a particular study
random selection
74
What is a single-case experiment?
Instead of comparing behavior or performance of groups of people at a single point in time, a single-subject experiment involves a single case studied over a longer period of time. One individual or situation is exposed to the varying levels of the independent variable.
