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Gen Psychology > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

0
Q

Things you can see people do, along with internal mental activities that are not directly observed.

A

Behavior

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1
Q

The scientific study of behavior

A

Psychology

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2
Q

How many years has psych been around?

A

130 years

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3
Q

Focuses on internal forces in the mind such as unconscious thoughts, aggression, and importance of early childhood experience.

A

Psychoanalytic theory

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4
Q

Says environment determines actions.

Watson and B.F. Skinner

A

Behaviorism

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5
Q

Says you have free will and you can change

Rogers and Malow

A

Humanistic

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6
Q

Steps of the scientific method

A
  1. Identify the problem
  2. Define the problem in a concrete way
  3. Form a hypothesis
  4. Test
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7
Q

5 basic ways to conduct research

A
  1. Naturalistic observation
  2. Case study
  3. Survey
  4. Correlation studies
  5. Experimental research
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8
Q

Naturalistic observation -
In the environment it occurs
What are the problems with this?

A
  1. Observer effect

2. Observer bias

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9
Q

Used for unethical studies
Rare medical disorders
Data may not apply to anyone else

A

Case study

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10
Q

What does a survey need to be accurate?

A

a representative sample

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11
Q

Does correlation mean causation?

A

No
There may be other factors

Ex:
Correlation between ice cream consumption and drowning.

The 3rd factor here is temperature (or heat)

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12
Q

Why use correlation?

A

Allows you to make predictions (better than chance)

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13
Q

3 variable types

A
  1. Independent variable
  2. Dependent variable
  3. Extraneous variable
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14
Q

The “suspected cause” – investigating

A

Independent variable

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15
Q

The way we measure the effect of the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

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16
Q

Things that impact the outcome

Need to identify all of these before research

A

Extraneous variable

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17
Q

Example:

In a study, half are in the control group and half in the other. Gives half the “new study method” and gives the other half nothing.

What are the independent and dependent variables?

A

Independent - the half with the study method

Dependent - your grade at the end of the class

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18
Q

Makes sure both groups are balanced

A

Random assignment

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19
Q

Feeling of being watched (or special group)

A

Hawthorne effect

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20
Q

a false treatment

Ex: a sugar pill

A

Placebo

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21
Q

Using a placebo so participants don’t know which group they’re in

A

Single blind study

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22
Q

Person in charge of research, who consciously or unconsciously influences results

A

Experimenter effect

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23
Q

Experimenter and group both don’t know

Using a placebo

A

Double blind study

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24
Q

Example:
Monkeys given male hormone and acted aggressive.

What are the ind / dep variables?

A

Independent variable - male hormone

Dependent variable - level of aggression

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25
Q

Example:

Deprived of food, subject show decline in hand dexterity.

What are the variables here?

A

Independent var - not giving food
Dependent var - level of dexterity
Extraneous var - age, sleep

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26
Q

Information processing nerve cell

A

Neuron

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27
Q

Receive stimulation

A

Dendrites

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28
Q

(Body) keeps cell alive

A

Soma

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29
Q

Gap between neurons

-allows an infinite amount of connections or infinite learning

A

Synapse

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30
Q

Respond to environmental stimulation

A

Sensory neurons

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31
Q

Brian sends messages to muscles and internal organs

A

Motor neurons

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32
Q

Two parts of the nervous system

A

CNS - central nervous system

PNS - peripheral nervous system

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33
Q

The brain and the spinal cord

A

CNS

Central nervous system

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34
Q

Somatic and autonomic make up the:

A

PNS

Peripheral nervous system

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35
Q
  1. Controls voluntary behavior

2. Controls involuntary behavior

A
  1. Somatic (large skeletal muscles)
  2. Autonomic
    - Sympathetic (flight or fight response)
    - Parasympathetic (^ brings you back down)
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36
Q

Thin layer of cells on outside surface of brain
- contains 70% neurons in nervous system

Made up of cell bodies and dendrites

A

Cortex

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37
Q

Cortex:

Color is grey / underneath is white
Axons are white - mylean sheath (a cover)

A

Grey matter - dendrites and cell bodies

White matter - axons - carry messages away

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38
Q

Solves problems of a sequential nature

Ex:
Language (reading, writing, spelling)
logic and time

A

Left hemisphere

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39
Q

What does contra lateral mean?

A

Opposite side (left brain controls right body)

40
Q

Involves simultaneous processing
Looking at the whole

Ex:
Putting all features together to instantly see the big picture

Spacial processing (drive car)
Pattern recognition / artistic skills / creativity
A

Right hemisphere

41
Q

Connects two hemispheres

-messages passed to and from instantly

A

Corpus callosum

42
Q

List the 4 cerebral lobes

A
  1. Occipital lobe (sight)
  2. Parietal lobe (touch, body senses)
  3. Temporal lobe (hearing)
  4. Frontal lobe (smell) [planning / organization]
    • most important
43
Q

Areas of high level thinking

A

Association cortex

44
Q

Language based problem resulting from brain damage

Ex:
1. Brora’s - damage front half / expressive problems (saying what you are thinking)

  1. Wernicker’s - damage back half / understanding what people say
A

Aphasia

45
Q

If you damage right brain, left side doesn’t exist anymore

A

Contra lateral Neglect

46
Q

Inability to recognize (doesn’t make sense)

A

Agnosia

47
Q

Controls involuntary life support functions

Ex:
Heartbeat, respiration

A

Medulla

48
Q

Plays a role in modulating sleep

A

Pons

49
Q

Coordination of complex motor movements

- negatively impacted by alcohol use

A

Cerebellum

50
Q

Center for visual and auditory startle reflexes

A

Midbrain

51
Q

A sensory relay station

A

Thalamus

52
Q

Regulates hunger / thirst, body temp, sexual behavior, and emotions

A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

Regulates emotional behavior (all parts together)

A

Limbic system

54
Q

To change one form of energy to another that brain can understand

A

Transduction

55
Q

Takes place in sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose)

Incoming flow of physical energy

A

Sensation

56
Q

Understands and interprets sensory messages that takes place in brain

A

Perception

57
Q

Sensory organs define but also limit our reality

A

Limits ex:

Dog whistle that we can’t hear

58
Q

The minimum amount of energy needed to experience a sensation

Ex: slowly turning up a light til we see it

A

Absolute threshold

59
Q
  1. Gives you color

2. Height of the wave (brightness)

A
  1. Wavelength

2. Amplitude

60
Q

Transduction takes place here

Rods and cones make this up

A

Retina

61
Q

Very sensitive to movement / light
Produce only BW images
Approximately 100m per eye

A

Rods

62
Q

Gives color to vision (red, blue, green)
Specialized in visual detail
Approximately 6.5m per eye

A

Cones

63
Q

Sound

  1. The pitch
  2. Loudness (intensity of stimulation)
A
  1. Wavelength

2. Amplitude

64
Q

Where does transduction take place?

A

The hair cells in the cochlea

65
Q
  1. Sense of smell

2. Sense of taste

A
  1. Olfaction

2. Gustation

66
Q

Physical stimulus that causes smell and taste

A

Chemical senses

67
Q

Mucous membrane located in nasal passages
Gaseous molecules in the air
Chemicals stimulate nerve fibers

A

Olfactory epithelium

68
Q

Body senses (includes touch)

A

Somesthetic

69
Q

Receptors in skin respond to 3 things:

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Temperature
  3. Pain (most)
70
Q

Feedback from muscles and joints

A

Kinesetic

71
Q

Located in inner ear and helps with balance and motion (car sickness)

A

Vestibular system

72
Q

How we deal with extra stimulation (overstimulation)

Ex: walk into someone’s house. You stop smelling the animals.

A

Sensory adaptation

73
Q

Brain’s ability to screen out irrelevant stimuli, and focus on what we want

Ex: humming sound in background

A

Selective attention

74
Q

Distorting something we see and taking it as a good thing

Ex: someone farther away is not shrinking

A

Perceptual constancies

75
Q

Being able to judge 3D space

Ex:
Visual cliff - have illusion you’re gonna fall
Glass table test with infants

A

Depth perception

76
Q

You have 2 eyes separated in space that fuse images together to give you perception

A

Retinal disparity

77
Q

Cues to judge distance with one eye

A

Relative size - looks big if close to you / small if far
Texture grading - if you see detail must be close
Linear perspective

78
Q

‘Faster’ objects are closer than us

Ex:
Window… Airplane looks ‘slower’ than people walking by

A

Motion parallax

79
Q

What makes you pay attention to stimuli?

A

The intensity (loud sound / bright colors)
Contrast - totally unexpected (energizer bunny)
Repetition
Meaningfulness***

80
Q

Sleep deprivation symptoms

A
  1. Irritable
  2. Feeling tired (hallucinations and illusions)
  3. Lack of concentration
81
Q

How we study sleep deprivation?

A

Can monitor the firing of neurons with a machine to see brain wave patterns

82
Q

EEG

4 basic wave patterns

A
  1. Beta
  2. Alpha
  3. Theta
  4. Delta
83
Q

Brain wave patterns
1. Awake and active (high frequency, low amp)

  1. Close eyes when awake, relax (less frequency, higher amp)
  2. Fall asleep (even less freq. even higher amp)
  3. Deep sleep (lowest freq. highest amp of all)
A
  1. Beta
  2. Alpha
  3. Theta
  4. Delta
84
Q

4 Stages of sleep

A

Stage 1 - irregular - mix of alpha / theta
Stage 2 - irregular (but with sleep spindles)
Stage 3 - delta waves less than 50%
Stage 4 - more than 50% delta

85
Q

Stages of a 90 minute sleep cycle

A 
1
2
3
4
3
2
1
86
Q

Associated with dreaming

A

REM

Begins at the second ‘1’
1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, ( 1 )

87
Q

Purposes of REM sleep

A

Associated with memory formation

Psychological stress

88
Q

Purposes of Non REM sleep

A

Brain restoration and rest
7% dreams - very different from REM
Similar to daytime thinking

89
Q

Why do we dream?

A
  1. Represents emotional conflict (unaware of while awake) (Freud)
  2. What you’re currently thinking about
  3. Activation Synthesis Hypothesis (dreams mean nothing)
90
Q

Sleep disturbances:

  1. Delta stage (3 or 4)
  2. No recollection (4) deepest
  3. Recollection (1) REM
  4. Can’t fall / stay asleep
  5. Sudden uncontrollably fall asleep
  6. Stop breathing
A
  1. Sleep walking
  2. Night terrors
  3. Night mare
  4. Insomnia
  5. Narcolepsy
  6. Sleep apnea
91
Q

Narcolepsy

  1. Collapse right into REM sleep
  2. Collapse but still awake
A
  1. Sleep attack

2. Cataplexy

92
Q

Alter state of consciousness

A

Psychoactive

93
Q

3 categories of psychoactive drugs

A
  1. Stimulants
  2. Depressants
  3. Hallucinogens
94
Q

Gives energy

Ex: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

A

Stimulants

95
Q

Slow down nervous system

Ex:
Alcohol, barbiturates, narcotics (morphine / heroine)

A

Depressants

96
Q

Mind altering, premorbid personality effects your trip

No physical addiction

Ex:
Dope and LSD

A

Hallucinogens

97
Q

How do psychoactive drugs work?

A

They’re chemically similar to normal brain functions

Come in and distort things

Gen Psychology (4 decks)

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