Test 1

Question 1

Source

Answer 1

rock in which organic material is stored and is converted to hydrocarbons

Question 2

Reservoir

Answer 2

porous and permeable rock capable of storing fluids such as natural gas and oil

Question 3

Seals

Answer 3

impermeable rock that prevents fluid flow and is low in porosity and permeability

Question 4

Trap

Answer 4

method of placing the seal on a reservoir

Question 5

Maturation

Answer 5

thermal history of hydrocarbons

Question 6

Migration

Answer 6

Path from source to reservoir

Question 7

Timing

Answer 7

the migration must be of the right timing and the organic matter must have enough time and heat to effectively convert to hydrocarbons

Question 8

Hunt, Andrews, and Cram all addressed which of the seven key elements of sedimentary basins

Answer 8

Trap

Question 9

What did Cram suggest that was different from Andrews and Hunt

Answer 9

Stratigraphic Traps

Question 10

Hydrocarbon

Answer 10

a molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 11

nC21: Structure=?, Carbon Atoms=?

Answer 11

Structure: normal paraffin

Carbon Atoms: 21

Question 12

Living organisms prefer even or odd numbers of carbons

Answer 12

odd numbers of carbons

Question 13

Carbon Preference Index (CPI) for organisms: ? Hydrocarbons:?

Answer 13

Organisms: 4-5; Hydrocarbons: ~=1

Question 14

Name of Structure, General Chemical Formula, H/C, and Saturated?

Answer 14

Naphthene, CnH2n, H/C=2, Saturated

Question 15

Which major hydrocarbon structure has the highest H/C ratio?

Answer 15

Normal or Iso-Paraffin

Question 16

What is the one stable aromatic?

Answer 16

Benzene

Question 17

What type of water productivity will preserve the most organic material?

Answer 17

High water productivity

Question 18

What kind of sediment grain size will preserve the most organic material

Answer 18

small (clay)

Question 19

What type of sediment mineralogy will preserve the most organic material?

Answer 19

clay

Question 20

What kind of energy EOD will preserve the most organic material?

Answer 20

low energy

Question 21

What amount of oxygen will preserve the most organic material?

Answer 21

an anaerobic environment

Question 22

90% of the organic matter preserved in sediments is insoluble _____.

Answer 22

Kerogen

Question 23

10% of the organic matter preserved in sediments is soluble _____.

Answer 23

Bitumen

Question 24

A sample of organic matter is mostly carbohydrates, proteins, and lignin. Is this material soluble or is it insoluble in organic solvents such as benzene or methanol?

Answer 24

Insoluble

Question 25

How does dissolved organic matter become incorporated into sediments?

Answer 25

Winnowed organic material is adsorbed by clays.

Question 26

Of the three forms of organic matter that are found in ocean water, which is most abundant

Answer 26

Dissolved

Question 27

Briefly define TOC

Answer 27

Total organic Carbon: the percent of original organic carbon in a substance

Question 28

Fragmental reservoir rocks are aggregates of one or more of the following components:

Answer 28

a. Grains b. Matrix c. Cement

Question 29

Composition or Mineralogy (how many?) of Fragmental Reservoir Rocks vs. Chemical Reservoir Rocks

Answer 29

Fragmental Reservoir Rocks: more than one Chemical Reservoir Rocks: micro-mineralization

Question 30

Texture of Fragmental Reservoir Rocks vs. Chemical Reservoir Rocks

Answer 30

Fragmental Reservoir Rocks: Clastic/Fragmental Chemical Reservoir Rocks: Crystalline

Question 31

Primary porosity of Fragmental Reservoir Rocks vs. Chemical Reservoir Rocks

Answer 31

Fragmental Reservoir Rocks: yes Chemical Reservoir Rocks: no

Question 32

Example of a reservoir rock of Fragmental Reservoir Rocks vs. Chemical Reservoir Rocks

Answer 32

Fragmental Reservoir Rocks: Sandstone Chemical Reservoir Rocks: Limestone

Question 33

How are fragmental (clastic) rocks formed from sediments? Name the three different processes involved in lithification in the correct order.

Answer 33

1. Burial 2. Compactions 3. Cementation

Question 34

The name of a sandstone that has at least 25% matrix

Answer 34

Graywacke

Question 35

Is the porosity of a limestone formed from the remains of micro-organisms primary or secondary porosity?

Answer 35

Primary

Question 36

Is the porosity of a chert layer formed by natural fractures primary or secondary porosity?

Answer 36

Secondary Porosity

Question 37

Name one process that causes the secondary porosity of a rock to be greater than the primary porosity.

Answer 37

Fracturing/Faulting

Question 38

Name one process that cause the secondary porosity to be less than the primary porosity.

Answer 38

Recrystallization

Question 39

Explain why the porosity of chemical reservoir rocks is enhanced just below an unconformity surface.

Answer 39

Just below and unconformity is where a lot of erosion happened so some rock may have been dissolved allowing greater porosity.

Question 40

Explain the difference between elastic compaction and plastic compaction.

Answer 40

Elastic can retain its original form, plastic cannot

Question 41

Describe on cause of fracturing that has nothing to do with either folding or faulting

Answer 41

Decompression

Question 42

Why does pin-point porosity form?

Answer 42

Pin-point porosity forms where calcite replaces other minerals in limestone through the process of dolomitization.

Question 43

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of Meandering Streams?

Answer 43

Reservoir Facies: point bar deposits Seal Facies: flood plain

Question 44

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of a Braided Stream?

Answer 44

Reservoir Facies: Channel bar deposits Seal Facies: none

Question 45

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of Desert Ergs (Sand Seas)?

Answer 45

Reservoir Facie: dunes Seal Facie: none

Question 46

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of Barrier Islands?

Answer 46

Reservoir Facie: shoreface Seal Facie: lagoons

Question 47

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of Deltas?

Answer 47

Reservoir Facie: distributor mouth deposits Seal Facie: delta plain

Question 48

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal facies of Tidal Flats?

Answer 48

Reservoir Facie: Subtidal Seal Facie: Supratidal

Question 49

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of Deep Sea Fans?

Answer 49

Reservoir Facie: turbidity sands Seal Facie: marine clays/shales

Question 50

Give an example of a shoe-string sand deposit

Answer 50

Meandering Stream

Question 51

Would you be able to distinguish between an upper delta plain deposit and a meandering stream deposit from subsurface cores?

Answer 51

No

Question 52

Give an example of an environment of deposition where the vertical sequence lines upwards.

Answer 52

Braided Stream

Question 53

Give an example of an environment of deposition where the vertical sequence coarsens upwards.

Answer 53

Deltaic, Barrier Island

Question 54

What is the primary porosity of a limestone, and would secondary porosity be greater than or less than the primary porosity?

Answer 54

Primary porosity is when it was deposited (low?); greater

Question 55

Name any one place on Earth where an eolian environment of deposition is locate

Answer 55

Desert (Sahara Desert)

Question 56

Compare the energy conditions in the environment of deposition for a reservoir rock to the energy conditions in the environment of deposition for a source rock.

Answer 56

Energy for source rock: high Energy for reservoir rock: low

Question 57

Name one environment of deposition that has a linear trend parallel to the coastline.

Answer 57

Barrier Islands

Question 58

Name one environment of deposition that has a linear trend perpendicular to the coastline.

Answer 58

Stream

Question 59

Name one prominent landform that one might find in an eolian environment of deposition.

Answer 59

Dune

Question 60

Of all the carbonate MINERALS, which is the most soluble in water?

Answer 60

Aragonite

Question 61

What MINERAL is the most common cement?

Answer 61

Quartz