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Micro/Immunology Test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five key inflammatory cytokines that macrophages secrete?

A

IL-1B, TNF-a, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-12

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2
Q

IL-1B type and function?

A

Inflammatory cytokine, dilates endothelial cells

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3
Q

IL-6 type and function?

A

Inflammatory cytokine, increase in temperature by acting on local fat and muscle cells to increase metabolism.

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4
Q

IL-12 type and function?

A

Inflammatory cytokine, recruits and activates NK cells by inducing proliferation and releasing cytokines which strengthen macrophages response to infection.

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5
Q

CXCL8 type and function?

A

Inflammatory cytokine, recruits neutrophils from the blood and guides them to infected tissue (chemoacttrant)

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6
Q

INF-a type and function?

A

Inflammatory cytokine, dilates endothelial cells

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7
Q

Which inflammatory cytokine has a positive feedback and is highly regulated?

A

IL-1b is regulated by release from ribosome where it is made and the enzyme that cleaves it to make it activated is also regulated.

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8
Q

The activation of a IL-1b occurs where?

A

Cytoplasm or specialized secretory granules

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9
Q

What is the 1st population of effector cells recruited to infected tissue?

A

neutrophils (most abundant white blood cells)

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10
Q

Where are neutrophils located?`

A

bone marrow and circulation

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11
Q

C3b function?

A

Covalently binds to surface of microbial and helps tag for easier phagocytosis

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12
Q

C3a function?

A

Acts as a chemoattractment

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13
Q

What are the three complement activations?

A

Alternative pathway of complement activation(start) - adaptive, Lectin pathway of complement activation (Mannose binding lectin) - adaptive, Classical Pathway of complement activation (C-reactive protein) - innate and adaptive

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14
Q

What is it? Infantry, short-lived, rapidly mobilized

A

Neutrophil

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15
Q

What is it? Defends against intestinal parasites?

A

eosinophil

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16
Q

What is it? leukocytes that circulate in the blood, bigger than granulocytes. Travel to tissues and mature into macrophages.

A

monocytes

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17
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

large phagocytes in the tissue, first cell to sense invasion. Secrete cytokines that recruit neutrophils.

18
Q

What is a dendrite cell?

A

Star-shaped morphology, resident in the body tissues. Cellular messengers meant to call up adaptive immunity. Leave the tissues with a cargo of intact degraded pathogens and take to lymphatic organs.

19
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

Resident in all connective tissues, has granules. Activation and degranulation make major contributions to inflammation.

20
Q

What is a natural killer cell?

A

Large granular of innate immunity. Kill virus infected cells and secrete cytokines that impeded replication.

21
Q

What is a complement?

A

Soluble proteins made in the liver and are present in the blood lymph and extracellular fluids. Coats pathogen and makes it easier to be phagocytized. Many are proteases (enzyme that breaks down proteins). Zymogen is the inactive form.

22
Q

What does Properdin (Factor P) do?

A

Increases complement activation by preventing degradation of convertase.

23
Q

What does Factor H do?

A

Counters factor P by facilitating further cleavage by Factor I which decreases C3 convertase molecules. We need this because we want a lot to be cleaved at one time when there is an infection.

24
Q

What does Decay-accelerating factor(DAF) and Membrane cofactor protein(MCP) do?

A

binds to C3b which doesn’t allow it to bind to human cells.

25
Q

What is a Kupffer cell?

A

immature form of macrophage circulating in blood.

26
Q

What is opsonization?

A

The coating of bacteria that helps facilitate phagocytosis.

27
Q

What does complement receptor 1 (CR1) do?

A

Protects cells by disrupting C3 convertase

28
Q

What does CR3 and CR4 do?

A

binds to microbial surfaces using iC3b fragments because there is no convertase for them

29
Q

What does C5b do?

A

Initiates the formation of membrane-attack complexes, makes holes in pathogens membranes and eukaryotes. S protein, clusteirn, and factor J are regulators.

30
Q

What does C5a do?

A

Acts directly on neutrophils and monocytes to increase adherence to blood vessel walls. Acts a chemoattractment for complement fixation. Increases phagocytic capacity and expression of CR1 and CR3.

31
Q

What is a defensin?

A

Rich in arginine residues. Produced by neutrophils. Packaged in neutrophil granules. Function poorly in physiological pH to help protect human cells. Makes pores in bacterial membranes.

32
Q

What are lectins?

A

Cell surface receptors and plasma proteins that recognize carbs. Calcium coordinated Ex: Mannose receptor and lectin -1

33
Q

What are scavenger receptors?

A

Cell surface receptors on macrophages that scavenge damaged molecules of low-density. Recognize assortment of negative charged microbial ligands.

34
Q

SR-A recognizes what?

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and CPG rich bacterial DNA

35
Q

SR-B recognizes what?

A

lipopeptides

36
Q

What are toll like receptors(TLR)

A

Signaling receptors that recognize a variety of microbial ligands

37
Q

What is TLR4?

A

Expressed by macrophages and associates with CD14 to recognize LPS

38
Q

Phagosomes with captured microorganism fuse with 3 types of neutrophils, what are they?

A

Primary - azurophilic marked by myeloperoxidase
Secondary - specific protein lactoferrin ( contain NADH which turns into peroxide.)
Teritary- gelatinase

39
Q

What three inflammatory cytokines cause fever?

A

IL-1b, IL-6, TNFalpha

40
Q

What are the two functions of NK cells?

A

Kill cells infected with virus and maintain the inflammation state by cytokine secretion.

41
Q

What does IL-12 do?

A

Directs activation and recruitment of NK cells

Micro/Immunology Test 1 (1 decks)

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