TEST 1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
The PNS is derived from ____
A
Neural Crest Cells
2
Q
The DRG is made up of what type of neurons?
A
Pseudounipolar
3
Q
What myelinates the PNS?
A
Schwann Cells
4
Q
What is the functional cell for energy (ATP)?
A
Mitochondria
5
Q
Multiple branches to the cell body that carries signals through brain / spinal cord?
A
Multipolar
6
Q
Cell bodies of the PNS are made up of?
A
Pseudounipolar or Multipolar
7
Q
Most common cell causing tumor?
A
Astrocytoma
8
Q
Umbilicus is at what dermatome level?
A
T-10
9
Q
MS is cause by defect of?
A
Autoimmune attack of myelin
10
Q
Forms glycoproteins and lysosomes?
A
Golgi Bodies
11
Q
Thick sheath covering a fascicle and nerve fibers?
A
Perineurium
12
Q
The minimum amount of neurons in a reflex?
A
2
13
Q
In the ventricular zone, neurons are?
A
Pleuripotent (Stem Cells)
14
Q
Satellite cells are similar to what in the CNS?
A
Astrocytes
15
Q
What produces CSF?
A
Ependymal Cells
16
Q
A strip of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve?
A
Dermatome
17
Q
The patellar reflex is an example of?
A
Myotactic 1a Fibers
18
Q
Crossed effect is an example of?
A
Withdrawal reflex aka FLEXOR REFLEX
19
Q
Type A axons are?
A
Largest in diameter
20
Q
Type C axons are?
A
slowest (unmyelinated)
21
Q
Type of motor neuron responds to muscle stretch?
A
Gamma
22
Q
Golgi tendons are an example of?
A
Mechanoreceptors
23
Q
Which of the following have free nerve endings?
A
Thermoreceptors (Merkel, Follicular)
24
Q
Motor supply of a muscle spindle is by?
A
Gamma type neurons
25
Satellite cells cover neuronal cell bodies in the?
PNS
26
Multipolar neurons have several fibers from one?
Cell Body
27
Covers only one fiber and surrounds neuronal fibers?
Endonerium
28
Surrounds a fascicle?
Perineurium
29
Form glycoproteins and lysosomes?
Golgi Bodies
30
Small unmyelinated sensory fibers that pick up pain, temperature and touch?
C Fibers
31
Fat, myelinated motor fibers
Alpha fibers
32
Ventricular zone contains?
Pleuripotent cells
33
The marginal zone has either?
Neurons or glial cells
34
A myelination disease?
Multiple Sclerosis
35
Astrocytomas account for what percentage of brain tumors?
23%
36
A territory from which a sensory unit can be excited?
Receptor Field
37
A secondary sensory innervations that detects degree of stretch?
Flowerspray endings
38
Golgi tendon organs are found at?
Muscle tendon junctions
39
A flexor reflex / withdrawal reflex is what type of effect?
Crossed Effect
40
The Cauda Equina is located at?
L2-S2
41
The epidural space has?
Fat pad
42
What myelinates the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
43
What type of fiber responds to muscle stretch in Patella reflex?
Alpha
44
Groups of cell bodies in the CNS
Nuclei
45
Groups of cell bodies in the PNS
Ganglia
46
Surrounds several fibers creating a fascicle
Perineurium
47
Surrounds one fiber
Endoneurium
48
Surrounds groups of fascicles
Epineurium
49
Rough ER, also known as
Nissel Bodies
50
Which part of the neuron contains nissle bodies?
Dendrite, NOT the axon
51
What is the rER function?
Synthesize proteins
52
Nucleus contains ___, allowing communication inside and outside
double layered phospholipids with NUCLEAR PORES
53
Golgi bodies function
Storage
Forms glycoproteins
Forms lysosomes (enzymes)
54
Cytotoskeleton forms the ____ of the neuron and aides in ____
frame; transport
55
Cytoskeleton components, largest to smallest
microtubules > microfilaments > microfibrils
56
What is a neurophil?
Field of axons, dendrites and glial processes
57
In a nerve injury, which end will degenerate?
Distal end
58
What is required for nerve injury regeneration?
Growth cone
59
What is chromatolysis
Debri left behind from generative process
60
Retrograde vs Anterograde transmission
Anterograde: soma --> synapse
Retrograde: synapse --> soma
61
Histogenises of neurons
Ventricular Zone
Intermediate Zone
Marginal Zone
62
What occurs in the intermediate zone?
Differentiates into neuroblast / gliablast
63
What occurs in the marginal zone?
Mature neuron or glial cell, leaves to join body
64
What occurs in the ventricular zone?
Pluripotent (stem cells) begin development
65
Name the Neuroglia cells
```
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Schwann Cell
Satellite Cells
```
66
Most numerous glial cell?
Astrocytes
67
Glial cell that can hold MANY fibers in place
Oligodendrocytes
68
Holds one fiber in place
Schwann Cells
69
```
Protoplasmic = ____ matter;
Fibrous = ____ matter
```
Grey;
| White
70
Ependymal cells are what kind of cells?
Pseudostratified
71
Function of ependymal cells?
Produce CSF
| Line the ventricles
72
Satellite cells are flattened ____ cells, and are analogous to ____
Schwann; astrocytes
73
Satellite cells are ____
Pseudounipolar
74
Astrocytomas are a type of ____, which is the number one type of brain cancer
Gilomas
75
What is the dermatome for the nipple area?
T4
76
What is the dermatome for the big toe?
L5
77
What is the dermatome for the heel / little toe?
S1
78
What is the dermatome for the back of the thigh?
S2
79
Discriminative touch and kinesthetic stimuli are carried by ___ axons
myelinated type A
80
Pain, touch, and temperature are carried by _______ axons
un-myelinated type C
81
Rapidly adapting receptors, AKA ___
Phasic: contain refractory period - will stop responding even with continued stimulus
82
Slowly adapting receptors, AKA ___
Tonic: will always continue to respond to stimulus
83
Classification by source:
Exteroreceptor (stimuli from outside)
Interoreceptor (stimuli from inside)
Proprioceptors (position sense, body mvmt)
84
Classification by modality:
Nociceptors (pain) - sensory, unmyel type C
Thermoceptors (temp) - sensory, unmyel type C
Mechanoreceptors (physical deformation) -> golgi tendon
85
Receptor types (2)
Nonencapsulated
| Encapsulated
86
Name the NONencapsulated receptor types
Free Nerve endings -- pain + temp, RA mechanoreceptors
Follicular -- Touch (hair), RA
Merkel -- Edge detector, pressure, SA
87
Name the ENCAPSULATED receptor types
Meissner's -- touch (superficial), RA
Ruffini's -- shearing (drag), SA
Pacinian -- vibration (largest), RA
88
Reflex contains two parts:
Sensory limb
| Motor limb
89
What is a sensory unit?
Stem fiber and all of its endings
90
What are ALPHA fibers?
Gray matter
Go to voluntary muscles
Motor
Extrafusal fibers
91
What are GAMMA neurons?
Go to muscle spindle
Motor
Innervate intrafusal fibers
92
What are muscle spindles?
Intrafusal fibers, that are striated and multinucleated
| STRETCH receptor
93
Intrafusal fibers are GAMMA fibers, and have 2 types:
Nuclear bag fibers
Nuclear chain fibers
Sensory innervations wrap around these
94
Sensory supply has a primary and secondary
```
Annulospiral (primary) = RATE of stretch
Flower Spray (secondary) = DEGREE of stretch (SA)
```
95
Muscle spindles are ____ receptors
STRETCH
96
What is active vs passive stretch receptors?
```
Active = produced by fusimotor fibers
Passive = Knee Jerk - tendon stretched, producing an alpha MOTOR RESPONSE along with an inhibitory neuron
```
97
CNS is derived from
Neural Tube
98
Golgi tendon organs measure the ___ force of the contraction
force
99
Golgi tendons function primarily as
Autogenic inhibition (self) -- prevents muscle from excessive contraction
100
Ligaments, capsules and menisci have what type of nerve fibers?
Unmyelinated, freely ending
101
Flexory / Withdrawal reflex involves ____
the ENTIRE limb = several spinal segments
102
What is a cross effect?
simultaneous and opposite patter of activity in the contralateral limb
103
Sensory info from joints, muscle and skin are integrated in the ____
Parietal lobe
104
Cranial nerves emerge ___ cervical vertebra, except ____
above --- C8 emerges below C7
105
How many pairs of sacral nerves?
5
106
How many pairs of lumbar nerves?
5
107
How many pairs of cervical nerves?
8
108
How many pairs of thoracic nerves?
12
109
How many pairs of coccygeal nerves?
1
110
To sample CSF, insert needle between
L3/4, or L4/5
111
Dura mater is ___ layered, but ___ around brain
single; double
112
Epidural space contains
fat pad and plexus of veins
113
Arachnoid contains
Trabeculae that extend to the pia, which suspends the spinal cord
114
Pia mater
attached to spinal cord surface
| Expanded as denticulate ligament
115
Spinal Dura (Dural Sac)
Single layer
Ends at S2
Anchored by coccygeal ligament
Separated from vertebral periosteum (by fat/plexus)
116
Spinal Arachnoid
Potential subdural space
Trabeculae
Lumbar Cistern: L2-S2
117
Spinal Pia
Filum terminale
| 21 denticulate ligaments
