Test 1 Flashcards by Jim connelly

The major intracellular cation is

Potassium

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The major intracellular cations normal value is

3.5-5.0 mm/L

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The major extracellular cation is

Sodium

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The major extracellular cation normal value is

136-145 mm/L or mEq/L

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The major extracellular anion is

Chloride

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The major extracellular anion normal value is

90-109 mm/L

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What is the endpoint of a mercurimetric chloride assay?

violet blue color- a complex of mercury and diphenylcarbozone

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What 2 cations are most likely to be ordered to determine the cause of cardiac tetany?

calcium and magnesium

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Be able to calculate the anion gap if given values for Na+, K+, Cl-, and CO2. Be able to correlate abnormal anion gaps with other test results (such as BUN) or with instrument/technologist error

-Na+-(Cl-+HCO3-)
8-18 mmol/L
-Na++K-(Cl-+HCO3-)
12-20 mmol/L

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To what does % saturation of transferrin refer? What is the normal value?

ratio of serum iron to TIBC

20-50%

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What is hypokalemia?

low serum potassium; can be caused by decreased dietary intake, vomiting, renal dysfunction

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If tetany is due to calcium, what specific fraction of calcium is involved? Will it be increased or decreased?

decreased ionized Ca2+

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What analyte in the blood is used to measure serum phosphorous? What is the normal value for serum phosphorous?

inorganic phosphate

2.7-4.5 mg%

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Why is it important to measure serum magnesium levels?

tetany due to magnesium deficiency

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In analyzing calcium by atomic absorption, why is lanthanum added?

to prevent interference of phosphate

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Calcium exists in serum as ______ and _______. Which one is physiologically active?

ionized and protein bound

- ionized is physiologically active

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A patient with lactic acid acidosis would have an ________ anion gap

increased

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What is the purpose of adding magnesium carbonate to an iron binding capacity?

removes excess unbound iron

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What does TIBC measure?

estimates transferrin level in serum

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What is the Fiske-Subbarow method for phosphorous?

molybdate added to serum to form phosphomolybdate reduces to aminonapthosulfonic acid

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There is a _____________ relationship between serum calcium and phosphorous

reciprocal

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What is the normal serum calcium level?

8.4-10.2 mg/dL

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What would be the expected test results for calcium and phosphorous in hyperparathyroidism?

CA2+ is increased phosphorous is decreased

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What is the purpose of adding stannous chloride, ferrous sulfate, and ascorbic acid in the determination of inorganic phosphorous?

reducing agents

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Name several things that can affect the level of circulating calcium

serum protein levels, parathyroid hormone, bone-cell activity(osteoclastic activity) Vitamin D

What 2 hormones control serum calcium levels?

calcitonin-increased | parathyroid hormone-decreased (PTH)

Which electrolyte is the chief plasma base that helps in maintaining osmotic pressure?

Na+

Hemolysis has the greatest affect on serum ________levels

potassium/magnesium

What is the function of aldosterone?

increased sodium reabsorption, increased H2O retention, increased BP and blood volume

What hormone has the most control over serum phosphate levels?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What is the normal serum osmolality?

275-295 mosm/kg of H2O

What are the four main buffer systems of the body?

bicarbonate/carbonic acid hemoglobin buffer plasma proteins phosphate phosphoric acid/phosphate phosphoric buffer

The pKa of carbonic acid is

6.1

What is added to the reaction mixture in calcium determinations to prevent interference by magnesium?

8-hydroxyl quinoline

What component of a freezing point osmometer actually measures the sample temperature?

thermistor

What 2 properties can be used to measure osmolality?

vapor pressure | freezing point depression

What analytes are the main contributors to serum and urine osmolality?

electrolytes

What is the principle of the freezing point osmometer?

freezing point lowered by an amount, that is directly proportional to the concentration of dissolved particles in the solution

What does PCO2 electrode actually measure?

Respiratory acidosis is an increase of ________while due to respiratory alkalosis decreased exchange of ___________

CO2

During the chloride shift, the chloride moves from _______ to _________. What anion is exchanged for chloride?

plasma to cell | bicarbonate is exchanged for chloride

What buffer system contributes most to the regulation of blood pH?

bicarbonate/carbonic acid

What is the normal ratio of the two portions of the buffer system?

20:1

Normal blood pH is

7.34-7.44 (slightly alkaline)

Most of the CO2 present in the blood is in the form of

bicarbonate

What substance is necessary for the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

2,3-DPG(diphosphoglycerate)

What happens in the body to compensate for a state of metabolic acidosis?

hyperventilation

What is the cause of metabolic alkalosis?

excess bicarbonate and/or deficit of noncarbonic acid

What is p50?

PO2 at which Hgb is 50% saturated with O2; | equal to 26-27 mmHg

List several precautions that must be used in handling a specimen for ABG's

anaerobic, 15 mins, place on ice, heparinized, drawn from the artery

Hyperventilation is a common cause of

respiratory alkalosis

What reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase?

carbonic anhydrase breaks down carbonic acid CO2 + H2O--> H2CO3 formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O

What is the normal range for pCO2? for pO2?

pCO2: 35-45 mmHg pO2: 80-100 mmHg

In general, respiratory acidosis results from

decreased exchange of CO2 from lungs | increased CO2 hypoventillation

Be able to recognize the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

pH=pKa + Log | bicarbonate/carbonic acid

A fever of unknown origin would cause a _________ shift of the oxygen dissociation curve while an increased affinity for oxygen causes a _________ shift

right | left

Which anticoagulant is preferred for ABG analysis?

heparin

The pO2 electrode is based on the principle of

amperometric measurement

What would be the breathing pattern of a patient in respiratory alkalosis?

shallow, rapid

What is the compensatory mechanism in respiratory acidosis?

increase bicarbonate concentration in the blood by absorption in the kidneys

What ABG parameter is most useful in assessing a fire victim?

pO2

How would exposure to air bubbles affect an arterial blood sample?

pO2 would increase pH would increase pCO2 would decrease

Hyperventilation is the loss of

CO2

What events shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the left?

decreased- p50, 2,3 DPG, body temp, pCO2 | increased-affinity of Hgb for O2, pH, CO2

A supercooled solution has a _________temp than its freezing point

lower

Every mole of solute decreases the freezing point of H2O by _______ degrees

1.86 degrees celsius

What is the name of the rapid stirrer mechanism in an osmometer?

vibrator

What are the 4 forms of CO2 in the blood?

bicarbonate (90-95%) carbonic acid dissolved CO2(dCO2) carabamino compounds

When calcium levels decline, which hormone is secreted to restore normal calcium levels

parathyroid

What gases can be measured by a co-oximeter?

carboxyhemoglobin sulfhemoglobin methemoglobin

How should the sample for an ABG measurement be mixed?

roll between palms

Name several suitable sites for ABG draws

radial artery, brachial, femoral, temporal

If given value for pH be able to evaluate the acid-base status of the patient

pH:7.35-7.45

If given value for pCO2 be able to evaluate the acid-base status of the patient

pCO2: 35-45

If given value for HCO3-be able to evaluate the acid-base status of the patient

HCO3: 22-26

What is ceruloplasmin?

transport protein for copper | decreased in Wilson's disease

What is oligoclonal banding and where is it typically seen?

increased CSF IgG and multiple distinct bands in the globulin zone. seen in 90% of MS patients

Test 1 Flashcards

(77 cards)