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Epidemiology- Erin > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Delineate representative activities or examples of the terms used in the definition of epidemiology.

A

Epidemiology deals with determining the health of populations rather than the individual. The distribution of the disease deals with the frequency of the disease (ratio according population) and the pattern of disease occurrence. The determinants deal with the causes, factors of risk, mode of transmission, and elements that determine the presence of the disease

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2
Q

List the common objectives, uses, and core functions of epidemiology.

A

public health surveillance, field investigation, analytic studies, evaluation, linkages, and policy development (functions)

objectives: assist in developing public health policy, evaluate effectiveness of treatments, study natural course of disease, identify the causes of disease and those who may be at risk, determine the extent of disease, discover trends in disease in various populations over time

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3
Q

Describe the inter-relationship between public health and epidemiology and clinical medicine.

A

Clinical medicine deals with treating the individual of a disease while epidemiology works toward treating and preventing illness in a population. There are different methods to approaching disease due to the different goals in the disciplines.

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4
Q

Discuss Dr. John Snow. What illness was he concerned with and how he developed a process to determine the cause.

A

John Snow was concerned with cholera. He discovered the source of the disease to be a specific pump by actively collecting data.

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5
Q

Define and describe the discipline of epidemiology.

A

Epidemiology is a public health discipline basic science which studies the distribution and determinants of disease in populations to control disease and promote health.

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6
Q

Delineate the 3 factors necessary to appropriately compare disease frequencies in different populations.

A
  • # of people impacted/affected (frequency)
  • size of the source population or those at risk
  • length of time population is/are affected
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7
Q

absolute differences

A

subtraction

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8
Q

relative difference

A

division

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9
Q

adjusted disease/mortality rates

A

death rate

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10
Q

attack rate/ incidence proportion

A

number of new cases within a specified time period divided by the size of the population at risk

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11
Q

case definitions

A

-a set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance
+enable public health to classify and count cases consistently across reporting jurisdictions

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12
Q

case fatality rate

A

of case specific deaths/# of cases of disease

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13
Q

cause-specific morbidity rate

A

of persons with cause-specific disease/# of persons in population

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14
Q

cause-specific mortality rate

A

of cause-specific deaths/# of persons in population

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15
Q

Cause-specific survival rate

A

of causde-specific cases alive/# of cases of disease

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16
Q

CDC

A

Center of Disease Control

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17
Q

Cluster

A

another word for outbreak

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18
Q

Common source outbreak

A

an outbreak that occurs due to a group of individuals are exposed to an infectious agent from the same source

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19
Q

crude morbidity rate

A

of persons with disease/# of persons in population

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20
Q

crude mortality rate

A

of deaths (all causes)/# of persons in population

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21
Q

cumulative incidence

A

measure of disease frequency over time period

-new cases/ at risk population

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22
Q

disease registries

A

collections of secondary data related to patients with a specific diagnosis, condition, or procedure.

-ca play a role in surveillance of pharmaceuticals

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23
Q

endemic

A

the constant presence of disease within a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas

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24
Q

epidemic

A

occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

  • community/period clearly defined
  • goal is to capture disease as early as possible
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25
fertility rate
of live births/1000 women of childbearing age (15-44)
26
fixed/dynamic populations
- a fixed population is one where the population is not in flux, defined by fixed characteristics - dynamic population is one where there are gains and losses of members
27
frequency
counts in relation to size of the population or group of interest
28
incidence
new cases of the disease of new cases of disease/# of persons at risk for disease
29
incidence density
-appropriate for dynamic populations and fluctuating "at risk" periods of new cases of disease/total person time of population at risk for disease
30
incidence rate
- time frames for numerator and denominator must be the same - not precise for dynamic populations - subtract individuals that aren't susceptible to the disease of new cases of disease/person-time at risk for the disease
31
incubation period
the period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the symptoms
32
induction period
time between exposure to a specific risk factor and the initiation of the disease
33
infant mortality rate
of deaths of those less than a year/1000 live births
34
infectivity
the ability of the pathogen to establish an infection/ how infectious is the pathogen
35
latency period
the period between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of the symptoms, synonymous with incubation
36
line (frequency) table
a table used for statistics, usually used to make an epidemic curve
37
live birth rate (natality)
of live births/1000 population
38
maternal mortality rate
of female deaths related to pregnancy/100,000 live births
39
MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)
a weekly epidemiological digest posted by the CDC
40
morbidity
the proportion of sickness of a specific disease(s) in a population -crude vs cause-specific morbidity
41
mortality
death
42
neonatal mortality rate
of deaths in those
43
outbreak
-an epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease
44
pandemic
an epidemic occurring over a very wide area involving a large number of people (transcontinental/transglobal)
45
pathogenicity
the potential capacity of a certain microbe or virus to cause disease
46
period prevalence
prevalence at any given point in time (ex. Dec 31st)
47
person-time
a measurement combining the number of persons and their time contribution in a study
48
propagation outbreak
an epidemic in which one or more of the first wave cases serves as a source of infection for the subsequent cases, and it continues as such
49
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)
a nationwide collaboration that enables all levels of public health (local, state, federal, and international) to share notifiable disease related health information
50
point source outbreak
persons are exposed to the same source over a brief period of time, such as a single meal or event
51
postnatal mortality rate
of deaths in those >28 days but
52
prevalence
-number of existing cases + new cases= all cases at the time of existing cases of a disease/# of persons in populations
53
prevalence rates
cases of disease/ population
54
point prevalence
prevalence over a given period of time (ex. over a year)
55
population vs sample
population is everyone that lives within a specific area whereas a sample is a small group representative of a population
56
proportion
comparative relation between things
57
proportional mortality rate
of deaths due to cause/ total number of deaths
58
rate
quantify the probabilities of an event
59
ratio
a statement of how two numbers compare
60
relative differences
used to compare two quantities while taking into account the sizes of the things being compared
61
risk
the potential of losing something of value, incidence, attack rate
62
secondary attack rate
the probability that infection occurs among susceptible persons within a reasonable incubation period following known contact with an infectious person or source
63
sentinel/index case
the first case presented during an epidemic
64
standardized disease/mortality rate
quantifying the increase or decrease in mortality of a study of a general population
65
surveillance (passive vs active)
monitoring the community for prevalence of disease -passive: relies on healthcare system to follow regulations on required reportable diseases/conditions -> passively waits for reports to come in to track disease -active: public health officials go into the community to search for new disease/condition cases
66
survival rate
of cases that survived/# of cases of disease
67
syndrome surveillance
a system where the physician looks for pre-defined signs/symptoms of patients, either being reported or evaluated
68
virulence
the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of parasites as indicated by case fatality rates and the ability of the parasite to invade the tissue of the host
69
WHO
World Health Organization
70
Describe how duration of disease incidence impacts prevalence.
The more incidence of disease there is the more prevalent will be. Incidence is the amount of new cases whereas prevalence is number of total cases. So the incidence directly impacts the amount of prevalence in a population.
71
Describe what explicit factors/changes would increase and decrease the incidence and prevalence of a disease.
fs
72
Generate, read, and interpret various types of epidemiological curves/graphs/charts/frequency table and calculate the various measure of disease frequency listed.
Review slides and practice problems

Epidemiology- Erin (3 decks)

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