Test 1

Question 1

The way caregivers teach children:

Answer 1

plays a role in which early language style children adopt

Question 2

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner:

Answer 2

there are reciprocal interactions that influence child development

Question 3

David is a new father and he wants to know what he can do to enhance his child’s language development. He reads a few research studies and finds that language growth in children is enhanced when adults:

Answer 3

a. ask questions of the child
b. relate to the child’s utterances in a way that is “attuned”
c. read to the child

Question 4

To the delight of her parents, 20-month-old Maya just exclaimed “Daddy go!” What does this utterance best represent?

Answer 4

Telegraphic speech

Question 5

At what age will a child begin to mentally represent objects?

Answer 5

18-24 months

Question 6

What might impair the development of attachment?

Answer 6

autism
Social deprivation
child abuse

Question 7

Piaget’s theory:

Answer 7

is a very comprehensive theory of cognitive development

Question 8

The infant brain:

Answer 8

triples in weight by the child’s first birthday

Question 9

Motor development:

Answer 9

Follows cephalocaudal, proximodistal, and differentiation patterns

Question 10

Infants develop the ability to integrate sensations into meaningful patterns of events called:

Answer 10

Perception

Question 11

A securely attached infant:

Answer 11

may or may not be well-adjusted as an adolescent depending upon other childhood events

Question 12

What are the stages of cognitive development, according to Piaget?

Answer 12

sensorimotor
Preoperational
concrete operations
formal operations

Question 13

Ainsworth used the__________ to study attachment.

Answer 13

Strange situation

Question 14

Who was the originator of psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 14

Freud

Question 15

In their classic study of depth perception, Gibson and Walk (1960) found that:

Answer 15

8 out of 10 crawling infants would not cross onto the visual cliff

Question 16

In terms of motor development:

Answer 16

Extreme social and physical deprivation can impair motor development

Question 17

According to Piaget (1963), children’s cognitive processes develop:

Answer 17

in an orderly sequence, or series of stages

Question 18

Which person introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism?

Answer 18

Skinner

Question 19

Vygotsky suggests that:

Answer 19

a child’s interactions with adults organize the child’s learning experiences

Question 20

How soon can an infant discriminate its mother’s face from a stranger’s face?

Answer 20

after about 8 hours of exposure

Question 21

If you want to make friends with a child who is showing stranger anxiety, which of the following should you do?

Answer 21

talk in a friendly manner from a distance, smile, and offer toys to the child

Question 22

Securely attached infants:

Answer 22

are probably this way because of a combination of genetics and parenting

Question 23

Research by Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) suggests that:

Answer 23

contact comfort may be as important a basic need as the need for food

Question 24

Which sequence of development means “from the center outward?”

Answer 24

proximodistal

Question 25

What is a cognitive theorist MOST likely to study?

Answer 25

how children perceive and mentally represent the world

Question 26

The nature/nurture debate considers:

Answer 26

the relationship(s) between genetics, environment, and human development

Question 27

If an infant reaches for a toy hidden under a cloth, what does this suggest?

Answer 27

that the child has a mental representation of the object in mind

Question 28

Who suggested that we develop in a healthy fashion by confronting and resolving developmental crises in our lives?

Answer 28

Erik Erikson

Question 29

What is true about infant brains in comparison to adult brains?

Answer 29

Infant brains have more neural connections

Question 30

What is the implication of the phrase “brain adaptability is a double-edged sword?”

Answer 30

it means that our brains allow us to adjust to changing demands, but lack of stimulation can impair this ability

Question 31

The chemical messengers in the neuron are called?

Answer 31

Neurotransmitters

Question 32

What evidence do we have that children move from being passive mechanical reactors to the world to active, purposeful seekers and organizers of information?

Answer 32

a. intentional action replaces “capture” b. systematic searches replace unsystematic searches c. attention becomes selective

Question 33

In what order would an infant display the following movement abilities?

Answer 33

rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and creeping

Question 34

How stable is temperament?

Answer 34

Moderately stable from infancy onward

Question 35

Ethology focuses on:

Answer 35

Evolution

Question 36

How can we assess infant visual preferences?

Answer 36

By measuring how long infants look at particular objects

Question 37

Neurons are wrapped in a fatty substance. This substance is called:

Answer 37

Myelin

Question 38

Can insecurely attached children become more securely attached?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

When can infants usually sit up by themselves (without assistance)?

Answer 39

Usually around 7 months

Question 40

Research on language development shows that:

Answer 40

c. children are born ready to learn any language, but quickly adapt to their native language

Question 41

Which of the following can infants do or control first?

Answer 41

Lift head off floor

Question 42

The research of Kagan and Klein (1973) suggests that children who are socially deprived

Answer 42

may fully recover if the social deprivation occurred for no more than 13-14 months

Question 43

A child says “doggy!” This is an example of:

Answer 43

Holophrase

Question 44

What is the scope of the biological perspective?

Answer 44

d. It refers to heredity, maturation of the nervous system, and the effects of hormones

Question 45

Which sequence of development means “from head to tail?”

Answer 45

cephalocaudal

Question 46

Social cognitive theorists, such as Albert Bandura, suggest that:

Answer 46

children learn much of what they learn through observation of others

Question 47

Emotional regulation refers to:

Answer 47

c. the ways in which young children control their emotions

Question 48

Securely attached infants are:

Answer 48

Happier More sociable More cooperative

Question 49

Which of the following is true regarding researchers of infant emotions?

Answer 49

a. they agree that a handful of emotions are shown by infants during the first few months b. they agree that emotions develop in an orderly fashion c. they disagree as to what emotions are first shown and/or whether discrete emotions are present at birth

Question 50

What form of infant talking is most sophisticated?

Answer 50

Babbling

Question 51

What does the phrase “A not B error” mean?

Answer 51

A child may reach for a hidden object where it has always been, yet still reach there even when they see the toy hidden somewhere else Correct

Question 52

Cognitive development in children is the process by which:

Answer 52

a. children perceive and mentally represent the world Correct

Question 53

Is development continuous or discontinuous?

Answer 53

both – it may depend upon what aspect of development is being studied

Question 54

Explain how social referencing functions in infancy.

Answer 54

We tend to use social referencing when a social situation is ambiguous. We observe those around us to see how they are reacting to the situation to help us make a decision on how to act, often modeling their responses. Infants have the ability to social reference just as adults do, but on a simpler level. For example, an infant will judge the friendliness of the expression his/her mother has on her face when interacting with a stranger showing the stranger a similar expression.