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Psychology 201 > Test#1 > Flashcards

Test#1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Behavior

A

Over actions and reactions

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3
Q

Mental Processes

A

Internal, covert activity of the mind

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4
Q

Scientific Goals

A
  • Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations
  • Precise and careful measurements
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5
Q

Description

A

what is happening?

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6
Q

Explanation

A

Why is it happening?

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7
Q

Prediction

A

Will it happen again?

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8
Q

Structuralism

A

Focused on structure or basic elements of the mind

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9
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

A psychologist during the mid 1800’s

THE FATHER OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY

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10
Q

What was one of Wilhelm’s biggest accomplishments?

A

He created a lab in Germany in 1879

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11
Q

Wilhelm developed ____ Introspection. What is it?

A
  • objective

- Examine and measure personal thought and mental activities

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12
Q

Who was wundt’s student?

A

Ed Titcher

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13
Q

Edward Titcher _________ to america

A

Brought structuralism

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14
Q

Margaret Washburn was the _____________

A

1st women to earn a Ph.D. in psychology

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15
Q

She was ___’s Student

A

Titcher

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16
Q

When did Structuralism die out?

A

Early 1900’s

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17
Q

Functionalism focuses on.

A

Functions in the real world (how people adapt, live, work, and play)

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18
Q

Functionalism was proposed by _____

A

William James

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19
Q

What modern fields did functionalism influence?

A
  • Educational psychology
  • Evolutionary psychology
  • Industrial/organizational psychology
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20
Q

Max Wertheimer ___?

A
  • Perception can only be understood as a complete events

- Understanding patterns, whole figures

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21
Q

Gestalt translated in German means?

A

Organized whole

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22
Q

Ideas of Gestalt?

A
  • Ideas are how part of modern cognitive psychology

- Field focuses on perception learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solvery.

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23
Q

Psychoanalysis was developed by who?

A

Sigmund Freud

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24
Q

Ideas of Psychoanalysis?

A
  • Trained a physician
  • Worked w/ patients w/ nervous disorders
  • sigmund was thefather of psycho-dynamic theory/psychoanalysis
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25
structuralism= | Functionalism =
what | why
26
The unconscious is where?
Where threatening impulses and desires are repressed (repressed urges create nervous disorders)
27
Freuds Concepts are?
- STRESSED early childhood experiences | - Formed the basis of modern therapy
28
Ivan Pavlov - Russion Psychologist
- Studied digestive processes - Reflex can occur with new and new and unrelated stimulus - Conditioned dogs to salivate to a metronome
29
Behaviorism
- Psychology should focus on observable behavior I. must be directly seen and measured II. Ignore notion of unconscious
30
John B. Watson (Behaviorism)
- Believed Phobias were learned through conditioning I. Case of Little Albert A. Child conditioned to fear a white rat
31
Mary Cover Jones (Counter-conditioning)
Showed us how to undo fear
32
Seven Modern Perspectives
1. Behavioral 2. Biological 3. Cognitive 4. Evolutionary 5. Humanistic 6. Psycho-dynamic 7. Sociocultural
33
Psychiatrists
Medical Doctor, Specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
34
Psychoanalyst
- Psychiatrist or a psychologist | - special training in freudian theory and psychoanylsis
35
Psychiatric Social Worker
- Social Worker trained in therapy methods - Focuses on the environmental conditions impacting mental disorders - Poverty, Over crowding, Stress, and drug abuse
36
Psychologist
- Academic Degree and specialized training in psychology - Working counseling, teaching and research - Specialization can include clinical, counseling, developmental, social, personality theory
37
Descriptive Methods:
Naturalistic (observing humans or animals in their natural habitat) Laboratory observations (watching humans or animals in a lab) Survey (Researcher asks a series of questions about the topic under study
38
What are the Types Descriptive Statistics
- Frequencies - Measures of central tendency - Measures of dispersion
39
How to find Frequencies?
Count the number of responses in a data set
40
Measure of Central Tendency
- Characterize the typical member of a group | - Give a best guess as to what an avg response might be
41
3 ways to measure central tendencies are?
- mean - median - mode
42
How do you find mean?
The avg of the numbers in a dataset (e.g. 22 took a test, total of all scores was 1596) 1596/22 = 73 73 is the mean
43
How do you find median?
the middle score when scores are arranged 12 27 33 55 66 72 80 89 96 100 107 the median 72
44
How do you find mode
The score that occurs most often in a data set 22 33 72 22 72 33 72 22 72 72 the mode is 72
45
The bell shaped curve illustrates what?
distribution of scores and how closely scores are grouped around a measure of central tendency
46
The bell shaped curve usually relates to the ______
Mean
47
The 2 ways to prevent a distribution are?
- Range | - Standard Deviation
48
What is Range?
The distance between the lowest and highest number in a data set 100-48= 52
49
When finding relationships you find a?
correlation
50
Positive Correlation
Variables are related in the same direction
51
Negative Correlation
Variables are related in opposite directions
52
Is there a relationship between correlation and causation?
NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
53
Obtaining measures of variables of interest in multiple waves over time is (Long)
Longitudinal design
54
The Experiment
Allows researcher to determine cause and effect, deliberate manipulation of variables
55
Independent variables are
variables manipulated by the experimenter
56
Dependent Variables
Represents measured response of the experimentor
57
Experimental groups
Receives the manipulation
58
What is the placebo effect?
Expectations of the participants can influence their behavior
59
What is the experimenter effect?
Experimenter's expectations can influence study
60
Double blind studies are when?
Neither experimenter o participants know if they're in an experimenter control group
61
What is statistical significance?
Confidence that we have that our results are accurate and not by chance
62
What significance represented by?
P value
63
P values can range from?
0.00 to 1.00
64
Psychological research looks for what in a P value?
mean
65
What is the probability that results are due to chance is?
5%
66
Power is in
NUMBeRs
67
Power is having what?
enough data points to find a significant result if it exits

Psychology 201 (1 decks)

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