Test 1 Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
Aggregate Field Theory
A
- cant break everything down in to parts
- whole brain is involved in different functions
- Theory of mass action (Lashley) helped this theory (size of lesion mattered, not the placement)
2
Q
Localization of Function
A
- phrenology (turned out to be made up)
- each section has specific task
- Fritz & Hitzig-dog experiment (stimulated side of brain)-found left hem controls right side of body
- Broca (Broca’s Area damage = aphasia (language imparment)—found that we speak with the left side of our brain
- doctrine of Nerve Energies (Muller)
3
Q
Corpus Callosum
A
large bundle of nerve fibers that connects two sides of the brain together
4
Q
Behavioral Neuroscience
A
Experimental method of psych and physiology
- goal is to explain what is being studied
- explanation included either a general or reduction (simpler phenomono to describe
5
Q
Reflexes
A
descartes
-automatic movement produced directly to a stimuli
6
Q
Left Hemisphere
A
- verbal, language
- individual parts
- operates like a thin flashlight
- causality
7
Q
Right Hemisphere
A
- spatial processing
- whole “face’
- operates like a broad searchlight
8
Q
Unilateral Neglect
A
right side of the brain is damaged and suffer problems with left side (only see and focus on the right side )
-Video of women drawing pictures and only draws half
9
Q
Anagnogsosia
A
right hemisphere damage and suffers in difference to left side and also denying his disability (guy in hospital bed with mirror)
10
Q
Microtone
A
allows to separate sections of the organ
11
Q
Golgi
A
- stain guy
- silver cromate (1% of nerons gets stained) is the outer membrane gettting stained
12
Q
Neuron Doctrine
A
- neuron is the fundamental unit of nervous system
- Neurons are for information processing
- found by Cajal
13
Q
Split Brain Operation
A
cut the corpus callosum due to treat epilepsy
14
Q
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
A
- muller’s idea
- shows that different parts of the brain perform different functions
- the message that all nerves carry is the same so the channel receiving the message must be different
15
Q
Lashly’s Theory of Mass Action
A
lesion is a section of neurons that you damage in the brain
- performed lesions in rats to see what the effect was
- found location of the lesion did not matter but the size did
- thought to be an arguemnt for Aggregate Field Theory
16
Q
Sensory Neuron
A
incoming axon
part of reflex
17
Q
Motor Neuron
A
outgoing axon
part of reflex
18
Q
reflex
A
made up of sensory and motor neurons
19
Q
Broca
A
studied aphasin patients (language impairment)
realized that had a specific spot (broca’s area) that was damaged
left side of brain controls language/ speech
20
Q
Werniche
A
studied receptive aphasia patients
all had damage on left side of brain (Werniche’s area)
further proved locatization of function
21
Q
Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord)
A
grey matter (cell bodies, dentrites, synapes)
-Tract (bundles of myelinated axons)
- Nucleus
-
22
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
outside of brain and spinal cord, including the nerves attached
- Ganglion (clusters of cell bodies)
- nerve
23
Q
Meninges
A
3 layers of connective tissue
- dura matter-tough
- Arachnoid Layer-softer
- Pia Matter
24
Q
Subarachnoid Space
A
inbetween the arachnoid and pia matter in Meninges
containst C.S.F. (Cerebrospinal Fluid): is a protective cushion
25
Cerebrospinal Fluid
comes from ventricles
| -is produced in the choroid plexus (in ventricles)
26
Ventricles
hollow spaces in the brain that are filled with cerebraspinal fluid
- lateral ventricle (one of two ventricles located in the telencephalon)
- third ventricles (ventricle located in the center of diencephalon)
- fourth ventricles (located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, center of the metencephalon)
27
Hydrocephalus
blocking between the 3rd and 4th ventricles so the cerebrospinial fluid cannot get through
28
4 Parts of the Brain
Metencephalon, Mesnocephalon, Diencephalon,
| Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
29
Metencephalon AND Myelencephalon (Hindbrain) Two parts and jobs
Myelencephalon-MEDULLA OBLINGATA for breathing, heart rate and basic reflexes
Metencephalon-PONS (bridge) -for sleep/wake center
-CEREBELLUM: (little brain in the back) helps balance and learned movements become automated
30
Mesnocephalon (Midbrain) two parts and jobs
Tegmentum: (Nuclei or grey matter) Ventrical Part of midbrain
-periaqueductal gray metter, reticular formation, red nucleus, substantia nigra
Tectum: (roof) contains inferior colliculi (auditory system) and supierior colliculi (visual system, visual reflexes and reactions)
31
Tegmentum PARTS and FUCTIONS
ventrical part of the midbrain
Red nucleus: helps motor system ; receives inputs from cerebellum and send axons to the motor neuron in the spinal cord
Preiaqueductal grey matter: surronds cerebral aqueduct and contains neural circuits involved in fighting and mating behaviors
Reticular formation: neural tissue located in the central region of brain stem that sends axons to cerebral cortex, spinal cord and thalamus
Substantia Nigra: neurons that communicate with th ecaudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia
32
(Forebrain)-Diencephalon and Telencephalon
DIENCEPHALON:
thalamus (2 parts that touch)-major sensory relay center: all senses are synaped here and info is sent out to the appropriate part of the brain
Hypothalamus-rostial (under) from thalamus; tissue of wall that makes us 3rd ventricle; is where brain connects to endocrine system; regulates temperature
TELENCEPHALON:
-Cerebrum covered by the cerebral cortex-receieves information from sensory organs for auditory, visual and body senses info
-Corpus Collosum
-Hippocampus: learning memory, long-term memory and spatial memory
-Basel Ganglia: regulation of movement
-amygdala: emotion, especially negative emotion
33
3 Different Cuts
1. Saggittal (2 halves verticle)
2. Coronal-face to back multiple slices
3. Horizontal
34
Ways to Classify Neurons (3)
Direction
Poles
Distance
35
Classifying Neurons: Direction
1. Afferent or Sensory Neurons: begins in peripheries and synapes in central nervous system GOING IN
2. Efferent or Motor Neurons: begins in central nervous system, dies in peripheries GOING OUT
3. Interneuron : begins and ends in the central nervous system (most numerous )
36
Classifying Neurons: Poles
1. Multipolar Neurons : most common
2. Unipolar Neurons: one long neurite or axon ; is a sensory neuron; ex-touch, reaction neurons
3. Bipolar Neurons: one axon with 2 poles; sensory neuron
37
Classifying Neurons: Distance
1. Projection Neuron: pyramonical (looks like a pyramid
| 2. Local Circuit Neuron (short) -communication in certain region Basket N or Stellate N
38
Neuroglia
Support cells; need glial cells; make up about 50% of brain (volume)
39
Gilal Cells
is a ependymal cell (secrects cerebraspinal fluid)
- astracyte (largest of neurons, shaped like a star, for nutrition, provides physical support, maintain internal consistency, without it neurons die
- microglial (smallest) (phagocytosis, defensive function which helps out the immune system)
- Oligodendrocyte (oli means a few) : a few dendrocyte processes, form myelin sheeth. found in central nervous system)
40
swan cells
for myelin sheeth, found in peripheries
41
Ion Channel
is in a double phospolipid layer; has a specific protein that allows that ion protein to flow; essentially moves ions
NO ENERGY IS EXPENDED
42
Pump
requires energy to move ions
43
Inside of a cell is pos or neg
neg
44
Resting Membrane Potential
```
OFF STATE OF NEURON;
3 factors keep it at -70mv
1. Driving Force
2. Selective Permiability
3. Sodium - Potassium Pump
```
45
Sodium - Potassium Pump
RULE: For every 1 ATP (action potiential) there must be 3 Sodium (Na+) ions pumped OUT and 2 Potassium (K+) ions pumped IN
46
Action Potential
ON State of Neuron
a volted gated channel takes place-needs -15mv key to open the volted gate (called the Threshold of Excitation)
When gate is opened Sodium Na+ rushes in
Once it reaches the peak, refractory happens until the cell reaches its resting potential again
During refractor, Potassium (K+) is rushing out of the cell, allowing it to reach the resting potential; Potassium is positiviley charged so it is moved out and then cell drops.
once reaches resting potenital sodium channels rest so another depolarization can cause them to open again
ALLOWS FOR OUR BRAIN TO WORK AND UNDERSTAND THINGS
47
Depolarization
reduction of the membrane potential
48
Threshold of Excitation
is the starting point for action potential; is when the key opens the gate; produces an action potential
49
Refractory
point when the Sodium channel can take no more sodium into the cell; block cell until reaches resting potential
2 stages
1. absolute-cannot get atp
2. relative-might be able to get atp
50
Hyperpolarization
an increase in the membrane potenital in comparison to the resting potential; goes farther negative
51
Unmyelited Axon
depolarizing, moves away from resting potential
52
2 ways to speed conduction
1. INvertebrates: Ri (INternal resistance) is descreased by the larger invertebrates and thus flows easier
2. Vertebrates: Myelin Sheath acts at duck tape between neuron holes and slows the singnal strength down; Node of ranvier recharges the signal and continues the conduction
53
Node of Ranvier
recharges the singnal in neuron; is the space or gap inbetween teh myelin in the neuron.
54
Saltatory Conduction
when action potential jumps from node to node in the neuron; this conduction myelinated axons within the neuron
55
Myelinated Axon vs Unmyelinated Axon
Myelinated axons, sodium can only enter at nodes of raviner, where as in unmyelinated sodium can enter whereever
56
Advantages of Myelinated Axon
musch less sodium has to be pumped out, cause less gets in, thus much less energy; and its faster because transmission between nodes is very fast; increases speed as it goes along
57
Neurotransmitter
a chemical that is released by a terminal butter and has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron
58
Membrane
a structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cel land consistutes many of the cell organelles
59
Dentrites
Treelike structure that recieves info from terminal buttons of other neurons
60
synapse
a junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron
61
axon
long thin structure that conveys info from the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons
62
Axoplasmic transport
transports substances rapidly and efficiently through the axon
63
Myelin sheath
insulates most axons from one another; produced by oligodendrocyes
64
Results of Excess Neuron Transmitters
1. Enzymatic Degradation
2. Reuptake transpor tprotein: active, recycles transmitters (used and unused)
3. Auto REcepter: binds own transmitters and uses excess molecules and binds them to an autoreceptor (TELLS CELL WHEN IT HAS ENOUGH TRANSMITTER) THEN TURNS IT OFF
65
Synaptic Transmission
primary means of communication between neurons; is transmission of messages from one neuron to another through a synapse
66
Driving Force
1.Diffusion -move from high concentration to low concentration in neuron
2. Exectrostatic pressure (opposites attract)
A way to get neuron to resting Membrane Potential
67
Selective Permiability
Way to get neuron to resting membrane potential
| Must be at correct -70mv
