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Brain and Behavior > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Aggregate Field Theory

A
  • cant break everything down in to parts
  • whole brain is involved in different functions
  • Theory of mass action (Lashley) helped this theory (size of lesion mattered, not the placement)
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2
Q

Localization of Function

A
  • phrenology (turned out to be made up)
  • each section has specific task
  • Fritz & Hitzig-dog experiment (stimulated side of brain)-found left hem controls right side of body
  • Broca (Broca’s Area damage = aphasia (language imparment)—found that we speak with the left side of our brain
  • doctrine of Nerve Energies (Muller)
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3
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

large bundle of nerve fibers that connects two sides of the brain together

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4
Q

Behavioral Neuroscience

A

Experimental method of psych and physiology

  • goal is to explain what is being studied
  • explanation included either a general or reduction (simpler phenomono to describe
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5
Q

Reflexes

A

descartes

-automatic movement produced directly to a stimuli

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6
Q

Left Hemisphere

A
  • verbal, language
  • individual parts
  • operates like a thin flashlight
  • causality
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7
Q

Right Hemisphere

A
  • spatial processing
  • whole “face’
  • operates like a broad searchlight
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8
Q

Unilateral Neglect

A

right side of the brain is damaged and suffer problems with left side (only see and focus on the right side )
-Video of women drawing pictures and only draws half

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9
Q

Anagnogsosia

A

right hemisphere damage and suffers in difference to left side and also denying his disability (guy in hospital bed with mirror)

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10
Q

Microtone

A

allows to separate sections of the organ

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11
Q

Golgi

A
  • stain guy

- silver cromate (1% of nerons gets stained) is the outer membrane gettting stained

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12
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A
  1. neuron is the fundamental unit of nervous system
  2. Neurons are for information processing
    - found by Cajal
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13
Q

Split Brain Operation

A

cut the corpus callosum due to treat epilepsy

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14
Q

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

A
  • muller’s idea
  • shows that different parts of the brain perform different functions
  • the message that all nerves carry is the same so the channel receiving the message must be different
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15
Q

Lashly’s Theory of Mass Action

A

lesion is a section of neurons that you damage in the brain

  • performed lesions in rats to see what the effect was
  • found location of the lesion did not matter but the size did
  • thought to be an arguemnt for Aggregate Field Theory
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16
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

incoming axon

part of reflex

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17
Q

Motor Neuron

A

outgoing axon

part of reflex

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18
Q

reflex

A

made up of sensory and motor neurons

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19
Q

Broca

A

studied aphasin patients (language impairment)
realized that had a specific spot (broca’s area) that was damaged
left side of brain controls language/ speech

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20
Q

Werniche

A

studied receptive aphasia patients
all had damage on left side of brain (Werniche’s area)
further proved locatization of function

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21
Q

Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord)

A

grey matter (cell bodies, dentrites, synapes)
-Tract (bundles of myelinated axons)
- Nucleus
-

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22
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

outside of brain and spinal cord, including the nerves attached

  • Ganglion (clusters of cell bodies)
  • nerve
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23
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of connective tissue

  • dura matter-tough
  • Arachnoid Layer-softer
  • Pia Matter
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24
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

inbetween the arachnoid and pia matter in Meninges

containst C.S.F. (Cerebrospinal Fluid): is a protective cushion

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25
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

comes from ventricles

-is produced in the choroid plexus (in ventricles)

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26
Q

Ventricles

A

hollow spaces in the brain that are filled with cerebraspinal fluid

  • lateral ventricle (one of two ventricles located in the telencephalon)
  • third ventricles (ventricle located in the center of diencephalon)
  • fourth ventricles (located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, center of the metencephalon)
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27
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

blocking between the 3rd and 4th ventricles so the cerebrospinial fluid cannot get through

28
Q

4 Parts of the Brain

A

Metencephalon, Mesnocephalon, Diencephalon,

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

29
Q

Metencephalon AND Myelencephalon (Hindbrain) Two parts and jobs

A

Myelencephalon-MEDULLA OBLINGATA for breathing, heart rate and basic reflexes
Metencephalon-PONS (bridge) -for sleep/wake center
-CEREBELLUM: (little brain in the back) helps balance and learned movements become automated

30
Q

Mesnocephalon (Midbrain) two parts and jobs

A

Tegmentum: (Nuclei or grey matter) Ventrical Part of midbrain
-periaqueductal gray metter, reticular formation, red nucleus, substantia nigra

Tectum: (roof) contains inferior colliculi (auditory system) and supierior colliculi (visual system, visual reflexes and reactions)

31
Q

Tegmentum PARTS and FUCTIONS

A

ventrical part of the midbrain
Red nucleus: helps motor system ; receives inputs from cerebellum and send axons to the motor neuron in the spinal cord
Preiaqueductal grey matter: surronds cerebral aqueduct and contains neural circuits involved in fighting and mating behaviors
Reticular formation: neural tissue located in the central region of brain stem that sends axons to cerebral cortex, spinal cord and thalamus
Substantia Nigra: neurons that communicate with th ecaudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia

32
Q

(Forebrain)-Diencephalon and Telencephalon

A

DIENCEPHALON:
thalamus (2 parts that touch)-major sensory relay center: all senses are synaped here and info is sent out to the appropriate part of the brain
Hypothalamus-rostial (under) from thalamus; tissue of wall that makes us 3rd ventricle; is where brain connects to endocrine system; regulates temperature
TELENCEPHALON:
-Cerebrum covered by the cerebral cortex-receieves information from sensory organs for auditory, visual and body senses info
-Corpus Collosum
-Hippocampus: learning memory, long-term memory and spatial memory
-Basel Ganglia: regulation of movement
-amygdala: emotion, especially negative emotion

33
Q

3 Different Cuts

A
  1. Saggittal (2 halves verticle)
  2. Coronal-face to back multiple slices
  3. Horizontal
34
Q

Ways to Classify Neurons (3)

A

Direction
Poles
Distance

35
Q

Classifying Neurons: Direction

A
  1. Afferent or Sensory Neurons: begins in peripheries and synapes in central nervous system GOING IN
  2. Efferent or Motor Neurons: begins in central nervous system, dies in peripheries GOING OUT
  3. Interneuron : begins and ends in the central nervous system (most numerous )
36
Q

Classifying Neurons: Poles

A
  1. Multipolar Neurons : most common
  2. Unipolar Neurons: one long neurite or axon ; is a sensory neuron; ex-touch, reaction neurons
  3. Bipolar Neurons: one axon with 2 poles; sensory neuron
37
Q

Classifying Neurons: Distance

A
  1. Projection Neuron: pyramonical (looks like a pyramid

2. Local Circuit Neuron (short) -communication in certain region Basket N or Stellate N

38
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support cells; need glial cells; make up about 50% of brain (volume)

39
Q

Gilal Cells

A

is a ependymal cell (secrects cerebraspinal fluid)

  • astracyte (largest of neurons, shaped like a star, for nutrition, provides physical support, maintain internal consistency, without it neurons die
  • microglial (smallest) (phagocytosis, defensive function which helps out the immune system)
  • Oligodendrocyte (oli means a few) : a few dendrocyte processes, form myelin sheeth. found in central nervous system)
40
Q

swan cells

A

for myelin sheeth, found in peripheries

41
Q

Ion Channel

A

is in a double phospolipid layer; has a specific protein that allows that ion protein to flow; essentially moves ions
NO ENERGY IS EXPENDED

42
Q

Pump

A

requires energy to move ions

43
Q

Inside of a cell is pos or neg

A

neg

44
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A 
OFF STATE OF NEURON; 
3 factors keep it at -70mv 
1. Driving Force
2. Selective Permiability
3. Sodium - Potassium Pump
45
Q

Sodium - Potassium Pump

A

RULE: For every 1 ATP (action potiential) there must be 3 Sodium (Na+) ions pumped OUT and 2 Potassium (K+) ions pumped IN

46
Q

Action Potential

A

ON State of Neuron
a volted gated channel takes place-needs -15mv key to open the volted gate (called the Threshold of Excitation)
When gate is opened Sodium Na+ rushes in
Once it reaches the peak, refractory happens until the cell reaches its resting potential again
During refractor, Potassium (K+) is rushing out of the cell, allowing it to reach the resting potential; Potassium is positiviley charged so it is moved out and then cell drops.
once reaches resting potenital sodium channels rest so another depolarization can cause them to open again
ALLOWS FOR OUR BRAIN TO WORK AND UNDERSTAND THINGS

47
Q

Depolarization

A

reduction of the membrane potential

48
Q

Threshold of Excitation

A

is the starting point for action potential; is when the key opens the gate; produces an action potential

49
Q

Refractory

A

point when the Sodium channel can take no more sodium into the cell; block cell until reaches resting potential
2 stages
1. absolute-cannot get atp
2. relative-might be able to get atp

50
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

an increase in the membrane potenital in comparison to the resting potential; goes farther negative

51
Q

Unmyelited Axon

A

depolarizing, moves away from resting potential

52
Q

2 ways to speed conduction

A
  1. INvertebrates: Ri (INternal resistance) is descreased by the larger invertebrates and thus flows easier
  2. Vertebrates: Myelin Sheath acts at duck tape between neuron holes and slows the singnal strength down; Node of ranvier recharges the signal and continues the conduction
53
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

recharges the singnal in neuron; is the space or gap inbetween teh myelin in the neuron.

54
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

when action potential jumps from node to node in the neuron; this conduction myelinated axons within the neuron

55
Q

Myelinated Axon vs Unmyelinated Axon

A

Myelinated axons, sodium can only enter at nodes of raviner, where as in unmyelinated sodium can enter whereever

56
Q

Advantages of Myelinated Axon

A

musch less sodium has to be pumped out, cause less gets in, thus much less energy; and its faster because transmission between nodes is very fast; increases speed as it goes along

57
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

a chemical that is released by a terminal butter and has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron

58
Q

Membrane

A

a structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cel land consistutes many of the cell organelles

59
Q

Dentrites

A

Treelike structure that recieves info from terminal buttons of other neurons

60
Q

synapse

A

a junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron

61
Q

axon

A

long thin structure that conveys info from the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons

62
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

transports substances rapidly and efficiently through the axon

63
Q

Myelin sheath

A

insulates most axons from one another; produced by oligodendrocyes

64
Q

Results of Excess Neuron Transmitters

A
  1. Enzymatic Degradation
  2. Reuptake transpor tprotein: active, recycles transmitters (used and unused)
  3. Auto REcepter: binds own transmitters and uses excess molecules and binds them to an autoreceptor (TELLS CELL WHEN IT HAS ENOUGH TRANSMITTER) THEN TURNS IT OFF
65
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

primary means of communication between neurons; is transmission of messages from one neuron to another through a synapse

66
Q

Driving Force

A

1.Diffusion -move from high concentration to low concentration in neuron
2. Exectrostatic pressure (opposites attract)
A way to get neuron to resting Membrane Potential

67
Q

Selective Permiability

A

Way to get neuron to resting membrane potential

Must be at correct -70mv

Brain and Behavior (2 decks)

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