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Plant Breeding > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Plant Breeding-

A

Plant breeding is the art and science of improving the heredity of plants for the benefit of human kind.

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2
Q

What does GMO stand for?

A

Genetically Modified organism

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3
Q

Why breed plants?(4)

A

Improve yield
improve quality
improve pest resistance
increase tolerance of environmental conditions

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4
Q

Who is Gregor Mendal and why is he important in plant breeding?

A

he birthed the science of genetics

and established the Laws of Inheritance.

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5
Q

Who is Norman Borlaug and why did he win the nobel peace prize?

A

The father of the green revolution.

His work with plant breeding working with wheat helped feed millions of people around the world.

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6
Q

Shuttle Breeding-

A

Breeding plants with other types across long distances.

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7
Q

What country did norman borlaug do most of his research? what crop?

A

Mexico

Wheat

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8
Q

Sexual Reproduction-

Asexual Reproduction-

A
  1. Formation of offspring through fusion of male and female gametes(sperm and egg).
  2. Plant offspring arising from existing plants without the union of maetes.
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9
Q

Stamen-

A

Male reproductive organs. Filament + Anther.

Microsporangia

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10
Q

Androecium-

A

collective term for all Stamens

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11
Q

Pistil-

A

Female reproductive organisms. Ovary+ style

Megasporangia. Carpels

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12
Q

Gynoecium-

A

Collective term for pistils

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13
Q

Complete flowers-

A

Includes all major parts, Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. if missing any of these it becomes incomplete.

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14
Q

Perfect flowers-

A

Flowers have stamens and Pistil.

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15
Q

Imperfect flower-

A

Lacking the Stamen or pistil, can be monoecious or dioecious.

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16
Q

Staminate-

A

Male reproductive parts only on one plant.

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17
Q

Pistilate

A

Female reproductive parts on one plant.

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18
Q

Pollination-

A

pollen shed by anthers
lands on stigma
pollen grain germinates
Sperm Nuclei travels down the pollen tube and enter the ovule through the micropyle.

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19
Q

What is double fertilization-

A

When the sperm nuclei combine with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm,

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20
Q

Gamete-

A

a reproductive cell containing a haploid(single) set of chromosomes.

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21
Q

What are the types of vegetative reproduction

A

propogation
tissue culture
clone

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22
Q

Tissue Culture-

A

growing cells, tissues, or tissue fragments on a nutrient medium

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23
Q

Totipotency-

A

ability of undifferentiated plant cells to develop into a mature plant when cultivated in vitro.

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24
Q

clone-

A

group of plants originating by vegetative propagation from a single plant, genetically identical.

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25
Apomixis
reproduction in which seeds are formed without the union of gametes.
26
vivipary-
formation of plantlets or bulbils from flower primordia in place of flowers.
27
Adventitious embryony-
direct formation of embryo from nucellar cell, fusion of haploid nuclei in the ovule.
28
Diplospory-
unreduced embryo sacs arise from megaspore mother cell.
29
Apospory-
unreduced embryo sacs arise from nucellar tissue
30
Difference between facultative and obligate apomixis
in obligate apomixis all offspring are idential clones of maternal parent
31
How can apomixis be used plant breeding and what are two plants that use it?
can be used to fix heterosis. | corn and wheat.
32
Self pollination-
transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma within the same plant, or clone.
33
Self fertilization-
autogamy- fertilization resulting from the union of gametes produced on the same plant.
34
Autogamy-
self fertilization
35
What floral mechanisms can be used to avoid cross fertilization?(4)
flowers may not open pollen can shed before flowers open stigma and stamen can be hidden by other parts stigma elongates shortly after anthers open
36
5 crops that are normally self-pollinated: | what precent of cross-pollination occurs?
Barley, tomato, wheat, pea, | 0-5%
37
What is an Anthesis-
process of dehiscence (splitting open)
38
What four factors affect the amount of natural selfing or crossing within a species?
Cultivar or strain Environment (temperature, humidity, and precipitation) Velocity or direction of wind at pollination Insect populations
39
Cross Pollination-
transfer of pollen from an anther on one plant to a stigma on another plant;plants are genetically different
40
Cross Fertilization-
union of gametes (sperm and egg) produced on different plants.
41
What floral mechanisms exclude self-pollination or self-fertilization?
mechanical obstruction different periods of maturity for pollen and stigma self-sterility or self-incompatibility monoecious or dioecious flowers
42
5 crops that are normally cross-pollinated?
cabbage, carrot, clovers, corn, rye.
43
how are cotton and sorgum treated in breeding programs?
they are treated as self-pollinated
44
• Why is type of pollination important in plant breeding?
it varies depending on the pollination/type of crop
45
3 phases of interphase?
G1(protein synthesis), S(DNA is copyied) ,G2 phase(cell preps for mitosis)
46
4 Stages of Mitosis-
Prophase , Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
47
Cytokinesis-
the physical process of cell division
48
Why is meiosis called a reduction division?
the diploid chromosome number is ruduced to haploid and genetic segregation occurs.
49
What is another name for meiosis 1? | What is another name for meiosis 2
reductional division | equational division.
50
Where does meiosis take place?
the flower buds- anther, ovary
51
gene-
basic unit of heredity
52
locus-
the position of a gene on a chromosome
53
allele-
an alternative gene on corresponding loci
54
What is a chromosome composed of?
DNA
55
Synapsis-
homologous chromosomes pair up
56
crossing over-
an interchange of segments during meiosis of two chromatids
57
What is DNA composed of?
ribose sugar-phospate backbone
58
RNA
ribonecluic acid
59
funcion of DNA and RNA-
DNA- acts as template; stores genetic code | RNA- genetic code carrier during protein synthesis
60
Ploidy –
– a measure of the number of chromosomes or sets of chromosomes in a cell or in an orgasm
61
genome-
the basic set of chromosomes of a species; one of each kind
62
• How are autopolyploids used in plant breeding?
naturally occurs in potato
63
• How are allopolyploids used in plant breeding?
occur in cotton,wheat, tall fesue

Plant Breeding (3 decks)

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