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Clinical Neuroscience > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the idea that humans are unique and behaviors are largely unpredictable due to this

A

dualism

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2
Q

2 purposes of classification

A

predicting future behavior, scientific communication

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3
Q

2 goals of classification

A

reliability and validity

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4
Q

2 forms of abnormality in DSM I

A

psychotic and neurotic

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5
Q

scientific concept of abnormality must have an __ cause

A

internal

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6
Q

social constructs define abnormality as:

A

harm to self and others

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7
Q

2 goals DSM is trying to meet

A

inter-rater reliability and construct validity

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8
Q

everyone can see the result, and it is always the same

A

inter-rater reliability

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9
Q

you always see the same things within the classification, it is unchanging

A

construct validity

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10
Q

Axis _: clinical disorder, including other conditions that may be the focus of clinical attention

A

I

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11
Q

Axis _: personality disorders and mental retardation

A

II

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12
Q

Axis _: assessment of general medical conditions, including all major and minor illnesses at time of presentation

A

III

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13
Q

Axis _: psychosocial and environmental problems (ex. death, divorce, economic situation)

A

IV

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14
Q

Axis _: Global Assessment of Functioning, 1-100 scale in terms of harm to self/others

A

V

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15
Q

concept that from conception, cells form into different cells in the body driven by gene expression and environmental factors

A

differentiation

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16
Q

permeability of a membrane is caused by

A

protein distribution

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17
Q

main source of inhibition; mass quantities of Cl- in the cell keeps cell at rest and makes cell incapable of depolarization

A

shunting

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18
Q

additive effect produced by many EPSPs that have been generated at many different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron at the same time

A

spacial summation

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19
Q

additive effect produced by many EPSPs that have been generated at the same synapse by a series of high-frequency action potentials on the presynaptic neuron.

A

temporal summation

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20
Q

concept that one cell cannot function alone, they all have to work together

A

emergent property of cells

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21
Q

places proteins in appropriate place in correct quantities across the membrane

A

genotype

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22
Q

phenotype is largely based on __

A

environment

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23
Q

emergent properties are caused by __

A

phenotype

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24
Q

each cell can only get a phenotype by inserting itself into a __

A

network

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25
cells use __ to insert themselves into a network
cytoarchitecture
26
__ is responsible for a change in voltage
protein
27
channels coded by the same gene, where all subunits are identical
homomeric channels
28
channels in which each subunit is a different protein
heterometric channels
29
__ determine location in the membrane
charges
30
the only way amino acids can insert themselves into a hydrophobic region is to become __
neutral
31
when a protein needs to stop changing and restore itself to its original function
rectifying
32
in this type of plasticity, minimal change amounts unless they occur repeatedly over time
phasic
33
in this type of plasticity, the overall net environment changes
tonic
34
most phasic changes occur due to __
outside stimuli
35
stable pools of communication between cells
tonic pools
36
spacial and temporal summation are direct results of __ and __
cell network, emergent properties
37
produce negative feedback (ex. where limbs are in space), terminate behavior due to environment, groups of cells that regulate activity of other groups
reciprocal
38
groups of cells that continuously decrease threshold of receiving cells upon activation; hyperpolarization becomes smaller and need less excitation to fire)
post inhibitory rebound
39
serotonin production site, not produced anywhere else in the brain
raphe nuclei
40
group of 10 nuclei in a network that produces dopamine
substantia nigra
41
2 subsets of substantia nigra
reticulotta and compacta
42
group of cells that produce exclusively norepinephrine
locus ceruleus
43
GABA and glutamate can be created by any __ cell
glutamatergic
44
creates communicators on demand, uses docking to complete molecules
cell surface
45
important for long term effects, changes the function of cells
cascades
46
whether a protein can bind to another communicator based on charge, time, and space; conveys affinity
steric availability
47
extent of conformation, property of chemical communicator can change either completely, partially, or cannot change a protein structure
potency
48
drug type that has an affinity for D2 receptor
antipsychotics
49
drug type that has affinity and potency at serotonin and norepinephrine
antidepressants
50
__ are subject to polypharmacy, and prescriptions change more than any other drug
antidepressants
51
drugs that increase inhibition (different types work in different ways)
anti-anxiety
52
goal of pharmacy is to increase the ___ of a drug
therapeutic index
53
specifically acts at the protein the exact same way as the endogenous chemical
direct agonists
54
increase the likelihood of a protein function
indirect agonists
55
similar to endogenous chemical in structure, binds to protein and prevents binding of androgynous chemical
direct antagonists
56
prevents neurochemicals from being released
indirect antagonists
57
class I glutamate receptors are located ___
post synaptically
58
class II glutamate receptors are located ___
pre synaptically
59
GABA A is (ionotropic/metabotropic)
ionotropic
60
GABA B is (ionotropic/metabotropic)
metabotropic
61
norepinephrine is all (ionotropic/metabotropic)
metabotropic
62
these GABA receptors pull chloride into the cell
GABA A
63
these GABA receptors are largely confined to the sprinal cord, decrease cAMP, and hold K+ inside the cell
GABA B
64
most of the time, 5HT is (excitatory/inhibitory)
inhibitory
65
D1 and D5 (increase/inhibit) activity at post-synaptic cell by (increasing/decreasing) cAMP
increase, increasing
66
D2, D3, and D4 (increase/inhibit) activity pre and post-synaptically by (increasing/decreasing) cAMP
inhibit, decreasing
67
disorders with high heritability (4)
schizophrenia, mood disorders, bipolar, alcoholism
68
what you get from your family, the information passed down to you, the likelihood that you will have a trait/disorder
inheritance
69
amount of variability in a trait that can be explained by genetics alone
heritability
70
a mathematical computation of heritability in population statistics
meta analysis
71
created to find out which relationships contribute the most to variability of a trait
factor analysis
72
theory that 1 gene = 1 diagnosis; ex. there is no such thing as the flu, you have fever and nausea (separate diagnoses)
2 allele theory
73
theory that all diagnoses can only come about through the expression of multiple genes; all genes must be fully expressed before the diagnosis can be given; no spectrum
polygenetic multifactorial threshold (critical mass)
74
heritability rate of depression (MDD)
0.6
75
heritability rate of bipolar
0.64
76
heritability of generalized anxiety
0.3
77
heritability of unipolar bipolar
0.4
78
heritability of phobias
0.1
79
heritability of depression unspecified
0.36
80
__ looks at the environmental factors responsible for turning on genes
regression
81
__ uses factor analysis to try and come up with a cause (in this class, usually a gene)
regression
82
if heritability is high, every observable difference in a trait has to do with differences in ___
gene activation
83
if heritability is high, the only contribution of environment is __
turning on genes
84
comes up with best descriptions by mapping correlations, tries to eliminate variability
factor analysis
85
neurotransmitters themselves are not excitatory or inhibitory; that is the property of the __
protein
86
__ are responsible for change in voltage
proteins

Clinical Neuroscience (2 decks)

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