Test 1

Question 1

What is pharmacology?

Answer 1

Study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs

Question 2

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 2

study of the cellular and molecular interactions of drugs with their targets

Question 3

What is pharmaceutical toxicology?

Answer 3

study of harmful or toxic effects of drugs

Question 4

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 4

study of factors that control the concentration-time relationship of drug at various sites in the body (what the body does to the drug)

Question 5

What is medical chemistry?

Answer 5

study of drug design to optimize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and synthesis

Question 6

What is pharmaceutics?

Answer 6

study and design of drug formulation and optimum delivery, stability, pharmacokinetics and patient acceptance.

Question 7

What is pharmacogenomics?

Answer 7

study of influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients

Question 8

What is the most effective way of excretion?

Answer 8

Urine

Question 9

What is a drug?

Answer 9

Any substance used in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of a disease

Question 10

What are the 4 types of drugs?

Answer 10

1. Synthetic
2. Semi-Synthetic
3. Naturally Occurring
4. Mixture

Question 11

What are some natural drug sources?

Answer 11

Plants, animals, and minerals

Question 12

What are some examples of plants?

Answer 12

seaweed, castor oil, resins

Question 13

What are some examples of animals?

Answer 13

insulin, cod liver oil, pepsin

Question 14

What source do vaccines come from?

Answer 14

Animals

Question 15

How are minerals used in drugs?

Answer 15

As they occur in nature and combined with other ingredients

Question 16

What are the components of an ideal drug?

Answer 16

1. Has desirable effects
2. Has no side effects
3. Reaches to its target with right amount @ right time
4. Remains at the site of action for necessary period of time
5. Rapidly eliminates from body when no longer needed

Question 17

What are drug receptors made up of?

Answer 17

Protiens

Question 18

What are some side effects of a drug binding to an unintended target?

Answer 18

Toxicity

Question 19

What is the most effective means of drug administration?

Answer 19

IV

Question 20

What is the most common means of drug administration?

Answer 20

Oral

Question 21

What is the second most common means of drug administration?

Answer 21

Intramuscular

Question 22

What are some means of drug administration?

Answer 22

Buccal, sublingual, gastric, intradermal, rectal and vaginal, respiratory inhalants, subcutaneous, topical, epidural, spinal

Question 23

What happens during Phase 1 of new drug development?

Answer 23

testing on small number of healthy volunteers

Question 24

What does phase 1 test?

Answer 24

Safety, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics

Question 25

What happens during Phase 2?

Answer 25

Drug trials with small number of patients with disease of interest

Question 26

What does Phase 2 test?

Answer 26

Assesses treatment efficacy, optimal dosing and adverse effects

Question 27

What happens during phase 3?

Answer 27

drug is used on larger # of patients

Question 28

What does phase 3 test?

Answer 28

compares current treatment to the current standard of care

Question 29

What happens during phase 4?

Answer 29

post-market surveillance of drugs effects

Question 30

What does phase 4 test?

Answer 30

detects rare or long term effects; can it stay on the market?

Question 31

When is a drug taken off the market?

Answer 31

When toxicity outweighs the benefit

Question 32

What is the only drug administered subQ?

Answer 32

Insulin

Question 33

Why do we not administer more drugs by subQ?

Answer 33

skin irritation

Question 34

What do drug actions depend on?

Answer 34

1. physiochemical properties 2. Chemical properties 3. sterochemistry

Question 35

What are some biochemical barriers?

Answer 35

transport proteins, enzymes, and receptors

Question 36

How does a drug increase or decrease cellular functions?

Answer 36

by acting on its receptors

Question 37

What are some regulatory protein targets?

Answer 37

receptor, ion channels, enzymes, and transporters

Question 38

What is an example of a receptor?

Answer 38

Zyrtec. Antihistamine that targets histamine to prevent allergic reactions

Question 39

What is an example of an ion channel?

Answer 39

Lidocaine. blocks sodium channels to prevent sensation of pain. Local anesthetics

Question 40

What is an example of an enzyme?

Answer 40

Celebrex. blocks COX-2 enzyme to prevent production of inflammatory substances (prostaglandins)

Question 41

What is the enzyme COX-2 responsible for?

Answer 41

transition from phospholipids to prostaglandins

Question 42

What is an example of a transporter?

Answer 42

Prozac. blocks the removal of serotonin to elevate mood

Question 43

What is a ligand?

Answer 43

Ion/molecule that binds to the protein receptor to carry out physiological effect

Question 44

What is an example of an endogenous ligand?

Answer 44

Neurotransmitters

Question 45

What is a exogenous ligand?

Answer 45

Drug

Question 46

What is the body's own pain killer called?

Answer 46

Endorphin

Question 47

What does endorphin do?

Answer 47

acts on special receptors to reduce pain

Question 48

What are the 3 kinds of protein-ligand binding?

Answer 48

1. Hydrogen Bonding 2. Ionic reaction 3. Hydrophobic interaction

Question 49

What is pharmacophore?

Answer 49

needed for binding of drug to their targets and producing a biological response

Question 50

Examples of pharmacophore?

Answer 50

1. Vector groups 2. Carrier groups 3. Vulnerable groups

Question 51

What are vector groups?

Answer 51

physiochemical properties of the molecule

Question 52

What are carrier groups?

Answer 52

control absorption, distribution, and excretion

Question 53

What are vulnerable groups?

Answer 53

determine metabolism

Question 54

What does complementarity determine?

Answer 54

strength of bonding

Question 55

What does physiochemical complementarity deal with?

Answer 55

physical/chemical

Question 56

What does steric complementarity deal with?

Answer 56

size

Question 57

What is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 57

bonding between opposite poles of molecules

Question 58

What are van der Waals forces?

Answer 58

intermolecular forces other than ionic or covalent bonds

Question 59

What is steric complementarity?

Answer 59

determines 3D shape and size that fit into the shape of the targets

Question 60

What are sterorisomers?

Answer 60

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangement

Question 61

What is chirality?

Answer 61

geometric property of a molecule not being superimposed with its mirror image

Question 62

What is bioisosterism?

Answer 62

The application of isosterism of drugs

Question 63

What does bioisosterism allow?

Answer 63

change in drug structure and functions and improve the drug effect

Question 64

How does ionization effect drug intake?

Answer 64

structure and function

Question 65

What do buffers do?

Answer 65

prevent a change in pH when H+ ions are added to or removed from a solution

Question 66

What is the major extracellular buffer?

Answer 66

HCO3-

Question 67

What is the major intracellular buffer?

Answer 67

hemoglobin

Question 68

How do buffers work?

Answer 68

minimizes the pH change

Question 69

When do weak acids become more non-ionized?

Answer 69

when H+ increases (pH decreases)

Question 70

When do weak bases become more non-ionized?

Answer 70

when H+ decreases (pH increases)

Question 71

WHen do weak acids become more ionized?

Answer 71

When H+ decreases (pH increases)

Question 72

When do weak bases become more ionized?

Answer 72

When H+ increases (pH decreases)

Question 73

What form can only cross the membrane?

Answer 73

non-ionized