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Analytical Chemistry > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

measurement

A

a trial, replicate (specific)

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2
Q

determination

A

several trials (1 analyte) (general)

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3
Q

analysis

A

several analytes [ie blood panel]

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4
Q

technique

A

many times [with] a particular instrument

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5
Q

method

A

a way to determine an analyte using a particular technique

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6
Q

procedure

A

set of instructions that can be modified if needed

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7
Q

protocol

A

a specific set of instructions

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8
Q

What are the 10 Figures of Merit ?

A
  1. Accuracy
  2. Precision
  3. Sesitivity
  4. LOD (Limit of Detection)
  5. Linear Dynamic Range
  6. Robust/ Rugged
  7. Analysis time
  8. Selectivity
  9. Cost
  10. Sample size
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9
Q

sensitivity*

A

response vs concentration plot

the measure of the ability to establish that such differences are significant

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10
Q

LOD

A

Limit of Detection- the smallest amount of analyte that can be determined with confidence
-the minimum amount of analyte ( concen. or mass) that is “significantly different from the blank”

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11
Q

linear dynamic range

A

number of #s of orders of linearity of your calibration

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12
Q

robust/rugged

A

ability to minimize down-time

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13
Q

selectivity

A

the ability of the method to distinguish the analyte from the concomitants (forest) (needle in a haystack)

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14
Q

sample size

A

amount of sample one has to work with

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15
Q

Constituent Concentrations in a Sample (4)

A

1) major- 1-100%
2) minor- 10ppt-100ppm
3) trace- 100ppm-1ppb
4) ultratrace- = 1 ppb

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16
Q

Overall Sample Size (4)

A

1) macro- 100mg and up
2) meso/semi micro- 10-100mg
3) micro- 0.1-10mg
4) ultramicro-

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17
Q

replicates

A

(N) # of trials simulating the same conditions

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18
Q

mean (x-bar) (mu)

A

x-bar= (Sum of replicates)/ N

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19
Q

median

A

middle data point in rank order

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20
Q

4 Descriptors of Precision

A 
1- range
2- standard deviation
     --> relative standard deviation
3- coefficient of variation (CV)
4- variance (s^2)
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21
Q

2 Descriptors of Accuracy

A

1- absolute error (E)

2- relative error

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22
Q

absolute error*

A
  • descriptor of accuracy
  • E = xi - xtrue
  • shown with sign dependence
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23
Q

relative error*

A
  • descriptor of accuracy

- %Er ={(| xi - xtrue |)/ xtrue}x 100

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24
Q

Types of Error

A

1- Systematic

2-Indeterminate

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25
systematic error*
- type of error - determinant - can be corrected/avoided/minimized - can be constant/ variable
26
constant systematic error** (EX)
ie. balance bias
27
variable systematic error** (EX)
ie. burret with varying diameter
28
3 Sources of Error
1- Instrument-- any measuring device 2- Method-- hardest to correct; -ie. kinetics of method, degradation of product 3-Personal-- its personal! -ie. colorblindness, shakiness
29
SRM
Standard Reference Mixture
30
4 Types of Analysis
1- Qualitative 2-Quantitative 3- Characterization 4- Fundamentals
31
Qualitative Analysis*
What kinds of things are in your sample...
32
Quantitative Analysis*
How much of a particular analyte is in your sample...
33
Analytical Process [Scientific Method]
1. Defining the problem 2. Selecting the method of analysis: Cost VS Precision 3. Handling the sample - Where to obtain - How to sample - # of replicates - # of dilutions 4. Performing the required separations—isolate analyte a. Interferences – another compound that adds or subtracts from the signal b. Matrix—all constituents in a sample - -rocks/ gold example 5. Performing the measurement= assay (obtaining the purity) 6. Data presentation 7. Check for anomalies
34
Methods of Analysis
1) Volumetric 2) Gravimetric 3) Spectroscopic
35
Volumetric method of analysis*
measure a well-known volume of substance that relates directly to your analyte
36
Gravimetric method of analysis*
determine the mass of ones analyte or derivative…
37
Spectroscopic method of analysis*
determine the analyte concentration after measuring the amount of interaction of light with matter
38
Concentration: Solid Analyte in Soluble Mixture
``` (gram analyte)/ (gram sample) x 100/1000/1000000... (pph) aka w/w% (ppt) (ppm) (ppb) ```
39
Concentration: Solid in Liquid Matrix
1 ppm = 1mg/L
40
Concentration: Liquid in Liquid
(w/v)% = (gram analyte/1,0mL sample)x 100
41
Molarity
M= mol/L
42
Normality
- N= equivalents analyte/ L solution | - N= (# reacting units)/(#moles)(L soln)
43
Equivalents =
= (#moles)/(#reacting units)
44
Equivalent weight
Formula weight/ # equivalents
45
Analytical Molarity
-does not consider the state of the solution | CHA = (#moles analyte)/(L soln)
46
Species Molarity
-molarity of one component in solution "[ ]"
47
p- function
p(anything)= -log(anything)
48
titration
procedure in which a known substance (titrant) is carefully added to a (titrand) analyte until the reaction is complete
49
titrant
known substance`
50
titrand
unknown concentration analyte
51
endpoint
where the titration ceases
52
equivalence point
equal # moles of analyte and titrant
53
titration error
the "distance" between the equivalence point and the end point
54
How do you minimize titration error?
run a blank
55
2 Titration Styles
1- direct -- add titrant to endpoint | 2-back-- pass equivalence point on purpose, then add second titrant
56
5 1/2 Elements of a Successful Titration
1. Rxn has to be Stoichiometric 2. Rxn should be rapid 3. No side rxns 3 1/2. no interferences 4. There must be a sharp change in solution property @ endpoint ie indicator 5. You want the rxn to be quantitative
57
standard solution
a solution in which the concentration is very well known
58
Primary Standard Requirements:
The primary standard should be... 1. pure 2. stable to drying 3. readily available 4. best to have a high formula weight 5. soluble
59
4 Classifications of Volumetric Methods:
1-Acid/Base 2-Redox-- oxidizing agent and reducing agent 3-Complexometric-- soluble analyte with color -ie EDTA 4-Precipitation-- endpoint is the persistence of a solid
60
Basic Equipment:
- analytical balance - Buret - volumetric flask - volumetric pipet - transfer pipet (glass) - micropipet
61
tolerance
the allowable error associated with a device
62
indeterminate error*
accidental... | these errors are determined by making successive measurements (by the same analyst) using the same method
63
uncertainty
an expression that shows the range of values that are all possible for your determination (tolerance)
64
propagation of error: 1- addition/subtraction
s = [S(1)^2 + S(2)^2 +S(3)^2 + S(4)^2]^1/2
65
propagation of error: 2- multiplication/ division
s/y =
66
propagation of error: exponents
.
67
what is the difference between an analytical sample and a statistical sample?
analytical: sample= trial(discrete thing) statistical: sample= the treatment of a group of data turned into sample
68
population
set of objects to be studied | N~30

Analytical Chemistry (4 decks)

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