Test 1 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
According to Clerc, what makes Massieu different from those deaf who were educated before him?
A
He was involved with deaf culture, not the hearing world
2
Q
What did Massieu worship as a child?
A
The sky
3
Q
What was Massieu’s one true ambition in life?
A
Education of the deaf
4
Q
Based on Clerc’s description describe Jean Massieu, his personality, his mind and how he saw/interpreted the world around him, his relationship with the students and how they perceived him.
A
Child-like interpretation of the world. Not stupid, unsophisticated. “Laughable, but also loveable” (WTMH 23). Feared to dissappoint his pupils
5
Q
How did Massieu’s love for watches benefit Sicard?
A
Saved Sicard twice
6
Q
What did Massieu teach Sicard?
A
Sign and respect for the deaf.
7
Q
What is the significance of the title of this chapter?
A
Massieu was a shepherd of sheep and of deaf children. Hey was also a symbol of the deaf (highly involved in deaf community, not just trying to fit into the hearing world)
8
Q
Identify the 3 failings Sicard had (which angered Napoleon) that were utterly alien to Massieu?
A
Hypocrisy, vanity, guile (deceit)
9
Q
In what country do the earliest records of deaf education come from?
A
Spain
10
Q
Who is Fray Melchor De Yebra and why is he important in deaf history?
A
First Spaniard to record a method of communicating with the deaf (APOTO 11). Published drawings of handshapes. His discussion of using fingerspelling showed that he didn’t think this kind of communication was strange (for deaf or hearing). This alphabet is almost exactly the same as the ASL fingerspelled alphabet, and is probably it’s source (and France’s)
11
Q
Juan Pablo Bonet’s methods of teaching deaf children were compared to those of what other famous person?
A
Alexander Graham Bell
12
Q
How did Bonet feel about teaching deaf people speechreading?
A
You can’t teach them. They may be able to teach themselves by paying “great attention”, but you cannot teach them.
13
Q
What was Sir Kenelm Digby’s impression of Don Luis de Velasco when he met him in Madrid?
A
He was very impressed and exaggerated Velasco’s skills
14
Q
What was happening in America in regards to deaf education during the 1700s?
A
Nothing
15
Q
Why was the situation at the San Salvador monastery at Ona ideal for deaf children living there?
A
Monks had been using sign for years, so signing was encouraged. They were able to work in small groups and the monastery was very wealthy thanks to the rich families supporting it, so the children were well taken care of.
16
Q
In his Forward of WTMH, Lane states that people are quite afraid of what?
A
Diversity
17
Q
Lane says his book is a study of what?
A
Anatomy of Prejudice
18
Q
What does Lane say is his point of view in writing this history?
A
Deaf people have a language and culture
19
Q
Why did Lane choose to write from Clerc’s perspective? How does he accomplish this? (What made it possible for him to do this?)
A
Clerc is an important Deaf man who lived the history being related. Lane used personal journals and Clerc’s closest friend’s comments to create this book.
20
Q
Traditionally, according to Lane, hearing students of the deaf have been proceeding on what premise about deaf people? (What have hearing people assumed about deaf people?)
A
Deafness is a problem that needs to be fixed- medical perspective.
21
Q
Lane credits Robert P. McGregor with saying that the proscription of the national language of a conquered people is what?
A
Tyranny
22
Q
What was Laurent Clerc’s first act of defiance?
A
Stopped talking
23
Q
Laurent Clerc states, “It seemed that I had exchanged the fields and grottos of La Balme for the confines of a monastery. So much I had lost. What had I gained?” What is his answer?
A
New language and family
24
Q
Who is Etienne de Fay?
A
France 1669-1749; Deaf born, smart, teacher, educated at Abbe of Amiens starting at age 5. Became architect, sculptor, librarian and teacher.
25
What was the earliest documented and witnessed use to the manual alphabet and sign language by Deaf people in Britain?
A marriage ceremony
26
What acute observations were made by Richard Carew in his book A Survey of Cornwall in 1595 on Edward Bone and his associations with various people?
Edward Bone could lipread, use one form of sign to communicate with his master and a different form to sign with a friend. This is an example of code switching.
27
Who was Venerable Bede?
700 AD England; inventor of one-handed alphanumeric system
28
In The Letters of Dorothy Osbourne, how does she describe her visits with Sir Edward and his deaf brother?
Tedious, very frustrating, exhausting
29
What is Bede's alphanumerical system?
Fingers can be used for numbers and letters
30
Bede's alphanumerical system prospered and developed in Europe up through the 17th and 18th C except which 2 countries?
England and Scottland
31
What was the Arthrological method and how was it received by the deaf? Why?
Pointing to joints of fingers for letters of the alphabet. Deaf didn't use it because it was invented by hearing men who did not consult with the deaf about it.
32
Reasons for lack of historical studies of Deaf people.
deaf people had neither produced their
own histories themselves
• not attracted the attention of hearing
scholars
• viewed from the perspective of pathology
so focus was on searching for cures or
making it disappear
• shared characteristics of other
minorities..poor, never held positions of political strength within the majority society
• small numbers
• history is devalued by the majority so it is
not written or recorded
33
Western religious tradition contained varied, often conflicting attitudes toward deafness. According to APOTO, what were the different perspectives on deafness in the Old and New Testament?
Old Testament: optimistic, divine-created by God in that manner, tolerant, treat with care and kindness.
New Testament: negative, objects of pity, curable by miraculous means, proof of past sins by parents or person, evil spirit, an object to be used to show manifestation of Christ’s power, lost human being.
34
What passage in the New Testament created the most damaging blow for deaf people in Christianity?
Romans 10: 17 “So faith then cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God”.
35
What were some of the conflicting descriptions of St. Augustine's perception of deaf people? Why do you think this occurred?
“ deafness is a hinderance to faith” is a quote by Augustine to describe the difficulties of obtaining the word of God. He did however in another dialogue say that they could learn and are able to receive faith and salvation. Unfortunately people only paid attention to this first statement and completely ignored his later statement. He was simply stating the fact that at the time it was very difficult..a hinderance..but never said it was impossible, to acquire faith due to lack of hearing, communication,and interpreters.
36
What kinds of medical treatments on the deaf were used in the ancient and medieval Western societies?
• noise therapy
• pouring liquids into ears such as oil,
honey, vinegar, bile of rabbits or pigs, garlic juice, human milk, goats urine.
37
Justinian law developed the Jewish classification on deafness and expanded it to five classes. Which class was required to have a legal guardian?
The Congenitally Deaf and Dumb
38
In the 17th C, why did the medical and theological musings over deafness give way to literature about the education of deaf people?
literacy was now becoming widespread and printed books were becoming common. The need to be able to read and write became a critical skill and thus people needed to be able to do so.
39
In which two countries did Thomas Braidwood set up his private academy for the deaf?
Scotland and England
40
Why did Braidwood Academy start to employ deaf students as pupil teachers?
proliferation of schools for the deaf, demand for suitable teachers trained in sign language outstripped availability. Training older pupils of the schools was the answer to meeting this shortage.
41
What is the Braidwoodian methods? What was Thomas' main focus in his teaching?
The Braidwoodian Method included signing, finger spelling, speech, and reading. Thomas's focus was language acquisition
42
Who suggested to a minister in May of 1792 that a school should be founded for the education of the poor deaf children?
John Creasy's mother Mary
43
After the Milan Congress in 1880 many deaf persons struggled to qualify as teachers of the deaf. What was the main reason given in this reading?
Teachers had to be able to teach everything including hearing subjects, which the deaf couldn't learn
44
Who was John Creasy?
(1774-1855?) Pupil of Thomas Braidwood for 10 years. Went to both Edinberg and then Hackney. Mother, Mary Creasy, meet with the minister Rev. John Townsend and suggested a school should be founded for poor deaf children.The London Asylum was founded on November 14th, 1792. John worked there as a tutor for private pupils of Joseph Watson and also trained bright pupils to become teachers.
45
Who was William Hunter?
(1785-1861)-A pupil at the London Asylum. Trained by John Creasy to become a teacher. Teaching career at London spanned 57 years!
46
Who was Matthew Burns
(1798-1880)-First born-deaf person ever to be a school headmaster. Initially educated by mother then later a private pupil of Joseph Watson. Later moved to Edinburgh where he helped form a church for the deaf. 1832 -opened a day school for the deaf. Headmaster at Aberdeen Institution(Scotland) for seven years. Helped found the Bristol Institution for the Deaf and Dumb as principal. Did not stay long. “Heathen Bristol”.
47
Who was Eliza Cockerill?
(b.1817)-London born orphan. Fought to gain admission to the London Asylum. Rule 17 state that no child would be admitted before nine years of age and after eleven and half years of age. She was thirteen years old and found support to deviate from the rule. Bright and talented pupil. Employed as a teacher after training. As far as records stands she is the first Deaf female teacher of the deaf in Britain. Offered a teaching role in 1833 then officially employed in 1836. Left teaching in 1842 when she married a Deaf tobacconist, Francis Goodwin.
48
Assumptions on deafness came from four different sources. What were they?
Church, law, philosophers and Physicians
49
What 2 main factors led to Ponce's breakthrough in challenging the assumptions on deafness?
The European Renaissance brought a new spirit of inquiry and encouraged people to question previously accepted dogma. Ponce was accustomed to using sign in the monastery and knew that speech was not required for a person to be able to reason. The Velasco brothers brought home sign with them and were involved in the education process
50
Monastic sign vs. home sign
Monastic sign
-deliberately limit lexicon to list of approved signs/words
-goal-keep communication to a minimum
-merely a manual lexicon without a grammar, a collection of signs with the native language(spoken) as a point of reference
Home sign
-grammar not based on any oral language-emerges from the language capacity of the individual
-goal-free reign- no restrictions, as much communication as possible.
51
What are some of the myths of Pedro Ponce de Leon?
retiring, self-denying,contemplative,quiet,long days with nothing to do but pray and teach deaf children, vow of poverty.
52
What are the 3 reasons given as to why Ponce is believed to be illegitimate?
1. The monastery historian, who normally flaunts the lineage of those in the church with wealthy relations, is rather silent about Ponce's lineage.
2. Ponce was originally sent to a monastery closer to home where he vowed to stay (the 4th vow monks take), but he was relocated to Ona. Only the most serious of reasons would cause him to break this vow. The reason may have resulted from his proximity to family and their arguments about his illegitimacy.
3. Even though he was well-known and rich, he was never given a position of importance at the monastery. According to Spanish law, illegitimate children could not receive positions of power.
53
What were some of Ponce's responsibilities in addition to teaching deaf children?
Money handler\lender, procurator-
defended monastery interests in the court of law.
54
Who is Juan Fernandez Navarrete?
Spain 16th C; AKA El Mudo
-sent to La Estrella more than a decade before the Velascos arrived at Ona
-learned art, reading and writing, well versed in history and scriptures, talent for gambling and keeping track of figures.
-never spoke
Someone had to teach him! His name is not recorded but Ponce’s is..possible reason is that Ponce’s students learned to talk which was considered more noteworthy than a mute person’s teacher.
55
Why did Ponce become famous for teaching the deaf while Navarrete's teacher is unknown?
Navarrete's teacher did not teach him how to speak, only how to think. Ponce taught the Velasco brothers to speak, which was seen as more valuable and important.
56
Why was the young Epee told he could never take the holy vows?
He would not sign an oath swearing to denounce the teachings of Janesenism, which the Church deemed heretical.
57
Briefly describe Epee's background and education.
Born into a wealthy family- Father was an architect for the king. Finished schooling at 17 and wanted to go into the priesthood but was rejected. Studied law for 4 years and was admitted to the Paris bar. 3 years later, he went back to religion and was given a small canonry and 2 years later was ordained a priest. The bishop who gave him the canonry died and Lepee's canonry was taken away from him.
58
In what decade of Epee's life did he take up the education of the deaf?
5th
59
What were Epee's motivations for becoming an educator of the deaf?
He was not able to bring religion to the hearing, so he would bring it to the deaf. Also he could receive salvation by leading others to it.
60
What myth are hearing people fond of attributing to Epee?
He created sign language.
61
In spite of Epee not recognizing the true nature of the language of the deaf, Lane states that deaf people everywhere are willing to forgive him for that. Why?
He was humble enough to learn from the deaf, not just teach them.
62
What was Epee's financial condition at the end of his life? Why?
He was VERY poor because he gave everything to the deaf students he taught.
63
Meusnier brothers
18th C, France, deaf; Father was an usher who guarded the King and had a fancy sword. Brothers not seen as capable of taking care of themselves let alone another person (according to the law) and were not able to inherit their father's job. Taught by Etienne de Fay at Amiens at the Abbey of St. Jean
64
Who were Thomas Tilsye and Ursula Russel? When/where did they live?
16 C England. First documented and witnessed use of manual alphabet and sign. Used for their marriage ceremony.
Thomas- Deaf
Ursula-Hearing
65
Princesses Joanna and Eleanor
15th C Scotland; daughters of King James I; Eleanor acted as interpreter for Joanna who was deaf.
66
Edward Bone
16th C England; Intelligent Deaf man who used 3 forms of communication to fit into his surrounding (code switching)
67
The Gaudy Brothers (Sir John and Framlingham)
17th C England; born deaf to wealthy family with well-to-do ancestors; went to art school in London; their education was the first time accounted that manual alphabet and sign were used for education
68
Why did Sicard choose to become a priest?
He didn't have other skills
69
Where did Sicard get his training?
Paris from L'Epee
70
What school did Sicard first become the director of? What did he do while he was there?
Bordeaux; moved up in the church
71
How effective was Epee's methodical signs?
Not at all
72
Who really was Massieu's first teacher and what invention did he claim?
Jean Saint-Sernin; numbered parts of speech in a sentence
73
How did Sicard become the director of the school in Paris?
Abbe Masse became director after LEpee died; Sicard challenged him and another man to see who had the best student; Sicard won by default (other 2 didn't show up)
74
Fransisco and Pedro Velasco
The Velascos- a powerful family with four of at least nine children born deaf...Francisco, Pedro, Juliana, and Bernardina. The two sisters were sent to different convents. The two boys eventually entered San Salvador at Ona together when they were about eleven and seven years of age. (around 1548) The boys likely brought their home signs with them into the monastery. They eventually became well known for their ability to talk and for being well educated in many subject matters. Taught by Pedro Ponce de Leon.
75
Claude-Andre Deseine
Born 1740 (18th C) to a family dynasty of carpenters/artisans. Present for judicial hearing and communicated with gestures. Judge indicated he doesn't read/write, meaning he recognized some deaf could. Mother was in charge of his money, but had to let Claude distribute it as he wanted. May have been student of L'Epee.
76
Who did Claude-Andre Desein support (Revolution or Royalist) and how do we know?
Revolution; sculpted busts of prominent Jacobian figures
77
Where did Claude-Andre study and what was he recognized as?
Royal Academy of painting and sculpture in Paris; recognized as an artist (sculptor)
78
What contest did Claude-Andre win?
Jacobian sculpting contest
79
What were some of Claude-Andre's more famous words?
The bust of Augustine Robespierre, Marat, Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
80
In 1822 when Claude-Andre was 83, who was appointed his "tutor" after his brother died?
His nephew
81
Pierre Desloges
French; Born in 1742 to a tax collector and his wife. Family wasn't super wealthy but had money. Learned how to read/write before becoming deaf between ages 7-9. Eventually became a book binder and upholsterer as well as a writer
82
When and how did Pierre Desloges become deaf?
Small pox or some other disease between ages 7-9
83
At age 19, what did Pierre do that was against the wishes of his family? Why?
Got an apprenticeship in Paris to prove his family wrong-he can take care of himself
84
Before learning sign language, how did Pierre Desloges communicate? Who finally taught him sign language?
Writing; learned from an Italian
85
Why was 1779 a landmark year for Pierre Desloges?
He published the first book written by a deaf person; about his experiences
86
What misconception believed by many of Pierre Desloges time and reinforced in Deschamps book did Pierre refute and correct in his book?
L'Epee invented signs; he actually just modified them
87
How do we know that Pierre Desloges was a jacobin?
He participated in the Revolution with his writing
88
What was Pierre Desloges living condition during the 1789 revolution? What happened to Pierre Desloges after the fall of the Jacobins?
Lived in a hospital-prison; he was poor; we stop hearing from Pierre after the fall of Jacobins-lost all trace of him
89
How old were the Meusnier Brothers at the time of their hearing and what was the hearing like?
36 & 40; they weren't present and had no say; they were banished
90
In France, Kings became adults (when?), the Kings subjects at (when?) and deaf and dumb at (when?)
14, 25, never
91
What were the 2 kinds of deaf-mutes in "Personalities in the World of Deaf Mutes in 18th C Paris" described as?
Poor "forgotten ones" and rich
92
After their father died, where did the Meusnier brothers most likely live for the remainder of their lives?
Monastery
93
Describe how the inheritance was set up for the Meusnier family, especially in relation to the deaf Meusnier brothers.
Brothers received 1/2 their inheritance; sisters received their half of the remaining inheritance
94
At the time of his voyage to America, how did Clerc feel about deaf people marrying other deaf and why?
Felt it would be better in case of emergency; allowed a link between deaf and hearing
95
Clerc and Gallaudet compare the contrasting styles of political orators from England and France. What were the differences and their opinions of these orators?
France was very dramatic and emotional while England was very staunch and rigid. Clerc liked France and Galladet liked England.
96
Gallaudet undergoes a paradigm shift in his perceptions of sign language and the use of speech in deaf education. Explain this shift.
He realizes oralism takes years and years with a small group, but there were many Deaf's in America who needed help. That just wasn't worth the time.
97
Who was Francois Guard?
A Frenchman who wanted to set up a school for the deaf in New York so he could put his name on it. Francois' success would mean less money for ASD.
98
What 2 cities did Gallaudet and Clerc fail to obtain funds from for their new school?
New York and Philadelphia
99
What did Massieu say of Clerc's sign language when he went back to France for a visit?
"Stop talking like a barbarian"
