Test 1

Question 1

ABGs

Answer 1

acidic alkaline
pH = 7.35 - 7.45 < 7.35 > 7.45
PCO2 = 35 - 45 (resp) > 45 < 35
HCO3 = 23-27 (meta) < 23 > 27

pH matches CO2 = resp
pH matches CO3 = meta

Question 2

Celcius -> Fahrenheit

Answer 2

9/5 (C) + 32

Question 3

Vitals

• BP
• HR
• RR
• O2

Answer 3

BP: Adults = 120/80
      Children = 80-120/45-70
HR: 100
RR: 12-20
O2: 95-100

Question 4

Metabolic acidosis - Causes

Answer 4

increased acid production (hyper metabolism)
decreased acid elimination (renal failure)
decreased bicarb production (dehydration, liver failure)
increased bicarb elimination (diarrhea, fistulas)

Question 5

Metabolic alkalosis - Causes

Answer 5

excess bicarbs (antacids, admin of sodium bicarb), diuretics
most common: vomiting and nasogastric suctioning

Question 6

Metabolic alkalosis S/S

Answer 6

confusion
tachycardia from low K+
compensatory hypoventilation
dizzy, increased irritability
n/v/d
increased anx, seizures
tremors, muscle cramps, tingling of fingers/toes (low serum Ca++)

Question 7

Metabolic acidosis - S/S

Answer 7

headache
low BP
hyperkalemia
muscle twitching
n/v
warm, flushed, skin
low muscle tone, low reflexes
kussmaul respirations (compensatory hyperventilation)

Question 8

Respiratory acidosis - Causes

Answer 8

respiratory depression (anesthesia, overdose)
airway obstruction
pneumonia, COPD, ARDS, PE

Question 9

Respiratory acidosis - S/S

Answer 9

hyperventilation
low BP
rapid, shallow resp
headache
hyperkalemia
cyanotic
dysrhythmias
drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation
muscle weakness

Question 10

Respiratory alkalosis - Causes

Answer 10

hyperventilation (anx, PE, fear)

mechanical ventilation

Question 11

Respiratory alkalosis - S/S

Answer 11

hyperventilation
tachy
low or normal BP
hypokalemia
numbness/tingling of extremities
seizures
increase anx, irritability

Question 12

Ca - Calcium

Answer 12

9 - 11

Question 13

Na - Sodium

Answer 13

135 - 145

Question 14

K - Potassium

Answer 14

3.5 - 5

Question 15

Glucose

Answer 15

70 - 110

Question 16

WBC

Answer 16

4500 - 10000

Question 17

RBC

Answer 17

M: 4.7 - 6.1
W: 4.2 - 5.4

Question 18

PO4 - Phosphate

Answer 18

2.4 - 4.4

Question 19

K rich foods

Answer 19

avocados
bananas
milk
oranges
potatoes
tomatoes
yogurt
spinach

Question 20

Na rich foods

Answer 20

butter
canned items
fast foods
chips
mac n cheese
frozen dinners
cured meats
pickles

Question 21

Mg rich foods

Answer 21

cauliflower
beans
peanut butter
avocado

Question 22

Ca rich foods

Answer 22

greens
spinach
refried beans
cream soups
broccoli
tofu
oysters

Question 23

low sodium foods

Answer 23

baked/broiled chicken
egg yolk
fresh vegetables, fruit
honey, jelly
potatoes
sherbet

Question 24

Hyperkalemia

Answer 24

M - muscle twitching, weakness
U - decreased output
R - irregular rhythm (brady)
D - diarrhea
E - ECG changes - tall peaked T wave
R - areflexia (flaccid)

Give:
CaGl IV
10 U reg insulin to increase permeability
D50
HCO3 (bicarb)
loop diuretic
kayexelate

Question 25

Hypokalemia

Answer 25

A - alkalosis S - shallow respirations I - irritability C - confusion W - weakness A - arrhythmias (tacky and/or brady) L - lethargy T - thready pulse low intestinal motility ``` Give: K+ pill HCTZ - Ca sparing Spironolactone - K+ sparing diuretic Lasix (furosemide) - loop ```

Question 26

Hypocalcemia

Answer 26

``` muscle cramps lethargy high BP seizure tetany - muscle spasms ``` Give: hypotonic solution over 1 hr

Question 27

Hypercalcemia

Answer 27

``` dehydration confusion renal stones severe thirst constipation polyuria - excessive pee shortening of QT interval high BP ``` Give: hypertonic solution furosemide IV over 2 min