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VP Cell Physiology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Tendency of a physiological system to maintain internal stability.

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2
Q

Living vs Nonliving Organisms

A

Living have a way of isolating themselves from the outside environment.

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3
Q

2 Main Components of Biological Membranes

A

Lipids and proteins.

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4
Q

Organelles with (2) Membranes

A

Nucleus and mitochondria.

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Responsible for the oxidation of carbohydrates and lipids.

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6
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Responsible for the synthesis of lipids and proteins.

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n - most abundant organic molecule. Main role is energy source. Important for cell to cell communication as well as a structural component for membranes.

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8
Q

Glucose

A

Hexose - 6 carbon sugar. Exists in (2) forms: open chain and ring form.

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9
Q

Ribose

A

Pentose - 5 carbon sugar.

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10
Q

Isomers

A

Same chemical formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms.

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11
Q

Enantiomers

A

Mirror image of a molecule.

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12
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breakdown of carbohydrates. Occurs in the cytosol.

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13
Q

Carbohydrate Digestion

A

Begins in the mouth with alpha-amylase.

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14
Q

SGLT1

A

Sodium active transport for absorption of carbohydrates.

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15
Q

GLUT

A

Passive transport: dependent of blood glucose concentration and is insulin induced.

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16
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Improper degradation of disaccharides, leading to stomach issues.

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17
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

Breakdown of molecules which releases ATP & NADH.

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18
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

Using energy to make bigger compounds.

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19
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Maintenance of body water balance.

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20
Q

Which of the following would occur if a cell had malfunctioning carnitine translocase enzymes?

A

The cell would not be able to get energy from beta-oxidation of F.A.

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21
Q

Carnitine Translocase

A

Transfers F.A. acids into the mitochondria so energy can be made from it.

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22
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Build up of AcetylCoA.

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23
Q

Which of the following cell types can synthesize phospholipids?

A

All cells other than RBC’s can make phospholipids.

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24
Q

T/F mRNA modification does not occur in prokaryotes.

A

True - prokaryotes do not have a nucleus they have no way to separate their cellular processes.

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25
Q

What enzymes are involved with lipid digestion?

A

CCK, secretin, and lipases.

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26
Q

Use of dietary FA by the body

A

Enter into muscle cells, enter adipocytes, or remain in the blood.

27
Q

What is the rate limiting step of F.A. Synthesis?

A

Acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA catalyzed by ACC.

28
Q

Which amino acid is responsible for beta-bends in protein folding?

A

Proline

29
Q

Which amino acid contributes to disulfide bonds?

A

Cysteine

30
Q

Families of A.A.

A

Acidic, basic, polar and non-polar.

31
Q

Stop Codons

A

UGA, UAG, UGG

32
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

Allows for the same gene to code for multiple proteins.

33
Q

A Binding Site of the Ribosome

A

Is where they are coming in.

34
Q

Where does N-linked glycosylation start?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum.

35
Q

T/F the nuclear membrane is associated with the membrane of the SER.

A

False, associated with the RER.

36
Q

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

A

Protein folding.

37
Q

What is the correct binding sequence of a ribosome during protein synthesis?

A

A-P-E

38
Q

Protein transport into the ER requires?

A

Energy

39
Q

T/F the signal sequence directing proteins to the ER membrane is contained in the C-terminus of a polypeptide.

A

False, it is contained in the N-terminus.

40
Q

A signal sequence located in the C-term of a protein signifies?

A

Transport into peroxisomes.

41
Q

Type I Transmembrane Protein

A

C in cytosol.

42
Q

Type I Transmembrane Protein

A

C-term on cytosolic side.

43
Q

Type II Transmembrane Protein

A

N-term on cytosolic side.

44
Q

T/F O-glycosylation is important for the functional conformation of a protein.

A

True

45
Q

Glycolysis Regulation

A
  1. Glucokinase inhibited by high concentration of glucose 6-phosphate and glucagon.
  2. Phoshphofructokinase (PFK) is inhibited by ATP.
46
Q

Glycolysis NET Gain

A

2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

47
Q

Energy Investment of Glycolysis

A

Steps 1-3

48
Q

Energy Creation of Glycolysis

A

Steps 6-10

49
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

Occurs in cytosol and pyruvate goes to fermentation. NO ATP or NADH production.

50
Q

What happens to pyruvate produced by glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?

A

It undergoes anaerobic fermentation and results in the production of lactate.

51
Q

What AA is the precursor for melatonin?

A

Tryptophan

52
Q

Hydroxylation of what AA yields dopa which is converted to the neurotransmitter dopamine?

A

Tyrosine

53
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Maintenance of body water balance.

54
Q

Aerobic Glycolysis

A

Pyruvate is transported to mitochondria for TCA & ETC, ATP & NADH is generated.

55
Q

First Step of TCA

A

Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA to make citrate. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. NAD+ is reduced to NADH and then goes into ETC.

56
Q

NET Products of TCA

A

(6) NADH, (2) FADH2, and (2) GTP

57
Q

ETC

A

Respiratory Chain: consists of 3 transmembrane enzymatic complexes. NADH donates electrons.

58
Q

ATP-synthase

A

Proton channel that pumps protons into the inner mitochondrial membrane space. Fo is the proton channel, and F1 is where the ATP synthesis happens.

59
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Production of glucose from non-sugar molecules like AA, lactate, and glycerol.

60
Q

Gluconeogenesis Regulation

A

Glucagon stimulates & insulin inhibits.

61
Q

4 Unique Reactions

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase, PEP-carboxykinase, Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and Glucose 6-Phosphate.

62
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Storing glucose as glycogen, occurs in the skeletal muscle and liver. Occurs in cytosol and requires ATP & GTP.

63
Q

Glycogenesis Regulation

A

Glucagon inhibits & insulin stimulates.

VP Cell Physiology (5 decks)

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