Test 1

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

Tendency of a physiological system to maintain internal stability.

Question 2

Living vs Nonliving Organisms

Answer 2

Living have a way of isolating themselves from the outside environment.

Question 3

2 Main Components of Biological Membranes

Answer 3

Lipids and proteins.

Question 4

Organelles with (2) Membranes

Answer 4

Nucleus and mitochondria.

Question 5

Mitochondria

Answer 5

Responsible for the oxidation of carbohydrates and lipids.

Question 6

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 6

Responsible for the synthesis of lipids and proteins.

Question 7

Carbohydrates

Answer 7

(CH2O)n - most abundant organic molecule. Main role is energy source. Important for cell to cell communication as well as a structural component for membranes.

Question 8

Glucose

Answer 8

Hexose - 6 carbon sugar. Exists in (2) forms: open chain and ring form.

Question 9

Ribose

Answer 9

Pentose - 5 carbon sugar.

Question 10

Isomers

Answer 10

Same chemical formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms.

Question 11

Enantiomers

Answer 11

Mirror image of a molecule.

Question 12

Glycolysis

Answer 12

Breakdown of carbohydrates. Occurs in the cytosol.

Question 13

Carbohydrate Digestion

Answer 13

Begins in the mouth with alpha-amylase.

Question 14

SGLT1

Answer 14

Sodium active transport for absorption of carbohydrates.

Question 15

GLUT

Answer 15

Passive transport: dependent of blood glucose concentration and is insulin induced.

Question 16

Lactose Intolerance

Answer 16

Improper degradation of disaccharides, leading to stomach issues.

Question 17

Catabolic Pathway

Answer 17

Breakdown of molecules which releases ATP & NADH.

Question 18

Anabolic Pathway

Answer 18

Using energy to make bigger compounds.

Question 19

What is the function of ADH?

Answer 19

Maintenance of body water balance.

Question 20

Which of the following would occur if a cell had malfunctioning carnitine translocase enzymes?

Answer 20

The cell would not be able to get energy from beta-oxidation of F.A.

Question 21

Carnitine Translocase

Answer 21

Transfers F.A. acids into the mitochondria so energy can be made from it.

Question 22

Ketogenesis

Answer 22

Build up of AcetylCoA.

Question 23

Which of the following cell types can synthesize phospholipids?

Answer 23

All cells other than RBC’s can make phospholipids.

Question 24

T/F mRNA modification does not occur in prokaryotes.

Answer 24

True - prokaryotes do not have a nucleus they have no way to separate their cellular processes.

Question 25

What enzymes are involved with lipid digestion?

Answer 25

CCK, secretin, and lipases.

Question 26

Use of dietary FA by the body

Answer 26

Enter into muscle cells, enter adipocytes, or remain in the blood.

Question 27

What is the rate limiting step of F.A. Synthesis?

Answer 27

Acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA catalyzed by ACC.

Question 28

Which amino acid is responsible for beta-bends in protein folding?

Answer 28

Proline

Question 29

Which amino acid contributes to disulfide bonds?

Answer 29

Cysteine

Question 30

Families of A.A.

Answer 30

Acidic, basic, polar and non-polar.

Question 31

Stop Codons

Answer 31

UGA, UAG, UGG

Question 32

Alternative Splicing

Answer 32

Allows for the same gene to code for multiple proteins.

Question 33

A Binding Site of the Ribosome

Answer 33

Is where they are coming in.

Question 34

Where does N-linked glycosylation start?

Answer 34

Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Question 35

T/F the nuclear membrane is associated with the membrane of the SER.

Answer 35

False, associated with the RER.

Question 36

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

Answer 36

Protein folding.

Question 37

What is the correct binding sequence of a ribosome during protein synthesis?

Answer 37

A-P-E

Question 38

Protein transport into the ER requires?

Answer 38

Energy

Question 39

T/F the signal sequence directing proteins to the ER membrane is contained in the C-terminus of a polypeptide.

Answer 39

False, it is contained in the N-terminus.

Question 40

A signal sequence located in the C-term of a protein signifies?

Answer 40

Transport into peroxisomes.

Question 41

Type I Transmembrane Protein

Answer 41

C in cytosol.

Question 42

Type I Transmembrane Protein

Answer 42

C-term on cytosolic side.

Question 43

Type II Transmembrane Protein

Answer 43

N-term on cytosolic side.

Question 44

T/F O-glycosylation is important for the functional conformation of a protein.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Glycolysis Regulation

Answer 45

1. Glucokinase inhibited by high concentration of glucose 6-phosphate and glucagon. 2. Phoshphofructokinase (PFK) is inhibited by ATP.

Question 46

Glycolysis NET Gain

Answer 46

2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

Question 47

Energy Investment of Glycolysis

Answer 47

Steps 1-3

Question 48

Energy Creation of Glycolysis

Answer 48

Steps 6-10

Question 49

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Answer 49

Occurs in cytosol and pyruvate goes to fermentation. NO ATP or NADH production.

Question 50

What happens to pyruvate produced by glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?

Answer 50

It undergoes anaerobic fermentation and results in the production of lactate.

Question 51

What AA is the precursor for melatonin?

Answer 51

Tryptophan

Question 52

Hydroxylation of what AA yields dopa which is converted to the neurotransmitter dopamine?

Answer 52

Tyrosine

Question 53

What is the function of ADH?

Answer 53

Maintenance of body water balance.

Question 54

Aerobic Glycolysis

Answer 54

Pyruvate is transported to mitochondria for TCA & ETC, ATP & NADH is generated.

Question 55

First Step of TCA

Answer 55

Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA to make citrate. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. NAD+ is reduced to NADH and then goes into ETC.

Question 56

NET Products of TCA

Answer 56

(6) NADH, (2) FADH2, and (2) GTP

Question 57

ETC

Answer 57

Respiratory Chain: consists of 3 transmembrane enzymatic complexes. NADH donates electrons.

Question 58

ATP-synthase

Answer 58

Proton channel that pumps protons into the inner mitochondrial membrane space. Fo is the proton channel, and F1 is where the ATP synthesis happens.

Question 59

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 59

Production of glucose from non-sugar molecules like AA, lactate, and glycerol.

Question 60

Gluconeogenesis Regulation

Answer 60

Glucagon stimulates & insulin inhibits.

Question 61

4 Unique Reactions

Answer 61

Pyruvate Carboxylase, PEP-carboxykinase, Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and Glucose 6-Phosphate.

Question 62

Glycogenesis

Answer 62

Storing glucose as glycogen, occurs in the skeletal muscle and liver. Occurs in cytosol and requires ATP & GTP.

Question 63

Glycogenesis Regulation

Answer 63

Glucagon inhibits & insulin stimulates.