Test 1 Flashcards
- Review the meaning of dorsal, ventral, rostral (anterior), caudal (posterior), medial, and lateral.
dorsal- top ventral- bottom rostral (anterior)- front caudal (posterior)- back medial- toward middle lateral- toward outside
- Be able to recognize a coronal, sagital, and horizontal view of the brain.
coronal-
sagital-
horizontal-
- What two structures are included in the central nervous system (CNS)? What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and what are their functions?
cns- brain and spinal cord
pns- autonomic and somatic (parasympathetic, sympathetic)
- What is the function of the occipital lobe and what might you see if there is damage (i.e. disorders)?
function- vision
damage- achromotopsia- loss or decrease of color vision
Akinetopsia- loss of seeing things in motion
Agnosia- cant recognize object by looking at it
- What are the major functions of the hippocampus and the amygdala?
hippocampus- learning and memory
amygdala- emotion and fear
- Which area is for speech production and which is for speech comprehension? In which lobes are these areas located?
speech production- brocas in frontal
speech comprehension- wernicks in temporal
- What is neglect and what area of the brain is damaged to cause this disorder?
neglect- damage to right parietal cortex
you dont think of the left side of things
- Which structures are found in the frontal lobe and what are their basic functions?
precentral gyrus- motor movement
orbitalfrontal cortex- regulating behavior and emotion
dorsolateral cortex- executive functioning
- What is the function of the basal ganglia?
voluntary motor movement (not enough dopamine leads to parkinsons)
- Which area controls heart rate and respiration?
hindbrain (medulla and pons)
- Where is the reticular formation and what is its function?
releases norepinephrine into cortex to stimulate
location: midbrain
- What are the functions of the cerebellum and the pons?
cerebellum- balance and coordination
pons- respiratory
- What structure in the diencephalon is a relay station for sensory and motor information and what structure controls eating, drinking, fight/flight, and sexual behavior?
relay station for sensory and motor information- thalamus
controls eating, drinking, fight/flight, and sexual behavior- hypothalamus
- What is CSF, where is it produced, and what is its function?
cerebral spinal fluid, absorbs shock to protect brain, in lateral ventricles by choriod plexus
- What are the layers of the meninges?
pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura mater
- Review the how blood enters the brain. What is the Circle of Willis?
Blood is supplied to the entire brain by 2 pairs of arteries: the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. The right and left vertebral arteries come together at the base of the brain to form a single basilar artery. The basilar artery joins the blood supply of the internal carotid arteries in a ring at the base of the brain. This ring of arteries is called the Circle of Willis.
- What are the general functions of astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells?
astrocytes- nutritive and support, hold things together
epedendymal- secrete csf
oligodendrocytes- provide myelin to neuron
Schwann cells- provide myelin to neuron
- Review the neurotransmitters discussed in class and which basic classes of drugs affect these neurotransmitters (e.g. antidepressants or antiepileptic). Hint: in class we only talked about a few drugs in particular so focus on these (there is only one question, so don’t stress too much).
glutamate- excitatory (alzheimers/ parkinsons)
GABA- inhibitory (siezures/ anxiety)
Serotonin- anxiety/ depression
CT Scan
basic use: structural brain imaging technique using x-ray, takes pictures at different angles and summarizes in one picture.
Aid: shows abnormalities
Invasive: no
Limitations: can give kids brain tumors
MRI
basic use: structural brain image using magnetic field and radiowaves, takes pictures of brain tissue
Aid: shows abnormalities
Invasive: no
Limitations: metal and claustrophobia
EEG
basic use: records electrical activity from neurons through electrodes based on tehh scalp (measure beta alpha etc)
Aid: see seizure activity
Invasive: no
Limitation: poor spatial resolution
PET scan
basic use: human is injected with radioactive 2-DG, which is taken up by brain cells and highlighted when active
Aid: lack or abnormal activity
Invasive: yes
Limitations: idk
fMRI
basic use: measures activity, detects level of oxygen and brain blood vessels, higher resolution than PET
Aid: similar to PET
Invasive: no
Limitations: metal and claustrophobia
Structural
Cerebral Angiography, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, CT, and MRI
