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test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is endemic

A

persistent, usual, expected ex: obesity

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2
Q

Epidemic

A

avocet the expected ex. flu

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3
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemic affecting a large number of people, many countries, continents or regions ex. swine, ebola

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4
Q

what are the types of prevention

A

primary, secondary, tertiary

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5
Q

why do we use rates

A

compare two populations

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6
Q

what are the types of data

A

nominal, ordinal, discrete, continuous

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7
Q

what is nominal data

A

unordered categories: sec disease, race

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8
Q

what is original data

A

categorical, agree neutral, disagree

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9
Q

what is discrete data

A

whole number

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10
Q

what is continuous data

A

has decimals, dose

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11
Q

what is exhaustive

A

every possibility on the list

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12
Q

what is exclusive

A

only fall in one category

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13
Q

What is the IRB and what does it stand for

A

Institutional review board

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14
Q

what is the purpose of a pilot study

A

to work out the kinks

make sure the target population understands

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15
Q

what is the most common statistic used when looking at infant death

A

infant mortality rate

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16
Q

what are the four general areas of statistics

A

descriptive, probably, inferential, statistical techniques

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17
Q

basic setup of population pyramids

A

females, males, age

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18
Q

what is the definition of epidemiology

A

disease, illness and ill health are not randomly distributed in human populations

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19
Q

efficacy

A

produce the desired effect

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20
Q

effectiveness

A

produce benefits

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21
Q

what is viability

A

the capacity of the pathogen or disease-causing agent to survive outside the host and to exit or thrive in the environment

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22
Q

focus groups are what kind of research

non-numerical and can only be classified into one of a group of categories. EX: marital status, race

A

qualitative

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23
Q

numerical are what kind of research

observation measured on a numerical scale and can be measures as how many, long and how much and so on

A

quantitative

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24
Q

what is chronic

A

less severe but of long and continuous duration, lasting over long periods of time.
HIV

25
what is acute
disorder with sudden onset, relatively severe, and short duration of symptoms. Comes on suddenly and leaves fairly quickly COLD
26
what is vertical
from an individual to its offspring through sperm, placenta, milk or vaginal
27
what is horizontal
from an infected individual to a susceptible person
28
whats an example of Direct
std
29
what is an example of common vehicle
water and food borne
30
what is an example of airborne
TB
31
what is an example of vector borne
mosquito, ticks, malaria
32
communicable
past from person to person. All communicable diseases are infectious
33
infectious
it has an infectious agent. not all infectious diseases are communicable
34
incidence rate
-number of new cases of a specified disease reported during a given time. -----------------MEASURES RISK number of new cases/population x100,000
35
attack rate
always a % specific epidemic period it is an event sick/ population x 100
36
crude mortality rate
of deaths during a time period/ population from which death occurred x100,000
37
cause specific mortality rate
restrictions of demographics of deaths from specifics cause in certain time/population from which x100,000
38
case fatality rate
people who die after being diagnosed, severity and effectiveness of therapy of deaths from a specific disease in a specific time/ # of cases of the disease during the same period of time x100
39
proportionate mortality
of deaths from specifics occuring during a certain time/ all deaths in time period x100
40
birth rate
of live births in a pop during a certain time/population from which births occurred x1,000
41
infant mortality rate
measures health status of a community population. -prenatal and postnatal nutrition, drugs, affordable health services, status of women, equality, immunization, breastfeeding of deaths among infants 0-1 year during a specified period/ # of live births in the same time period x1,000
42
maternal mortality rate
- deaths of women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy - care and availability and utilization of healthcare facilities - tremendous loss to society of deaths due to child birth during specific period of time/ # of live births in the same time period x 100,000
43
incidence
new, measures risk
44
prevalence
all cases, measures burden
45
prevalence rates
all disease. contains incidence of cases of a disease/ # of people in a population x100
46
crude rates
everyone who died over population
47
what are the 9 steps of research process
``` 1 step: Research Question • interest • hot topics/ news you have to look for feasibility with topics 2 step: literature review (gives ideas) 3 step: Develop Methodology • type • incentives • access to population (how do I find them) ``` QUANTATIVE- saturation(repeated info) • survey- paper and pencil- secondary analysis- • observation QUALITATIVE- saturation • interview 1-1 • focus groups 6-8 DEMOGRAPHICS OF PARTICIPANTS • Inclusion criteria (exclusion) NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS ``` PROCEDURES: • Who • When • Where/ How • What ``` 4th step: IRB (institutional review board) approval • Rights of participants • Ethics 5th step: PILOT TEST 6th step: CONDUCT RESEARCH • Collect data 7th Step: PREPARE/ CLEAN DATA 8th Step: ANALYZE DATA 8TH step: WRITE ARTICLE
48
virulence
the severity or harmfulness of a disease or poison
49
invasiveness
tendency to spread
50
the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition
etiology
51
fomites
objects, clothes, something that harbors a disease and transmits
52
reservoirs
habitat which agent grows (living or not)
53
host
an organism, usually a human or an animal, that harbors the disease
54
what is the basic premise of epidemiology?
disease is not random
55
passive immunity
Transfer from one individual to another of active Hugh moral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies example transplacental transferred to the unborn child of amothers immunity from diseases
56
active immunity
Occurs when the body produces its own antibodies. This can occur through a vaccine or in response to having a specific disease pathogen invade the body.
57
case report studies
in depth investigation of individual facts in chronological order
58
cross-sectional studies
collection at a single point

epi (3 decks)

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