- continuity as a result of emotional attachments, rights, and obligations - close proximity - intimate awareness of others - economic benefits

test 1 Flashcards by Haidyn Long

is a legally recognized union between two people
Can be a man + women, women + women, man + man
Tend to be united sexually (what about asexuality?)
Cooperate economically
May give birth to, adopt, foster, or rear children

The union is assumed to be permanent
May be dissolved by separation or divorce

marriage

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The establishment of rights and obligations connected to gender, sexuality, relationships with kin and in-laws, and legitimacy of children
The establishment of specific roles within the wider community and society
The orderly transfer of wealth and property from one generation to the next
The assignment of the responsibility for caring for and socializing children is left to the spouses or their relatives

shared characteristics of marriage

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The practice of having one spouse at one time

The only legal form of marriage in the U.S.

monogamy

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The practice of having two or more spouses at one time

the preferred marital arrangement worldwide

polygamy

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the practice of having two or more wives

polygyny

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the practice of having two or more husbands

polyandry

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A practice in which one person may have several romantic partners over the course of their lifetime (just never all at the same time

Serial Monogamy/Modified Polygamy

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The rights and benefits of marriage include but are not limited to:
(CIVIL)

Legal status with partner’s children
Partner medical decisions
Right to inherit property
Award of child custody in divorce proceedings
Control, division, acquisition, and disposition of community property
Division of property after dissolution of marriage
Payment of worker’s compensation benefits after death
Public assistance from the Department of Human Service

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“a group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together in a household”

Census Definitions:

Family

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“one or more people –everyone living in a housing unit makes up a household”

household

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“Two or more persons related by birth, marriage, adoption, or choice…defined by socioemotional ties and enduring responsibilities, particularly in terms of one or more members dependence on the others for support and/or nurturance.”

a more inclusive definition of family

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A major reason we have trouble thinking realistically about the diversity of families is because we are stuck believing in this one type of family
Consists of one father, one mother, and children

nuclear family

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A middle-class version of the nuclear family, yet with stereotypically defined gender roles for father and mother

traditional family

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Grandparents, in-laws, aunts + uncles, cousins

extended family

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Unrelated individuals who are treated and feel like part of a family (e.g., boyfriend/girlfriend, friend, godchild, pet, clergy member)

affiliated kin

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In Native American tribes, a group of related families are considered one family unit

clans

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The family formed through deep, personal connection with one or more persons, such as a friendship

family of choice

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The family formed through living or cohabiting with another person

family of cohabitation

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The family formed through marriage and childbearing

family of procreation

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The family in which we grow up or spend our time residing with

family of orientation/ family of origin

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is the social organization of the family based on certain rights and responsibilities of the different family members

is usually made up of the combining of the nuclear family roles (parent, child, husband, wife) with the extended family roles (grandparent, aunt + uncle, cousin, in-laws)

kinship system

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functions of marriages & families

provision of intimacy

formation of a cooperative economic unit

reproduction and socialization

assignment of social roles and status

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why live in families

continuity as a result of emotional attachments, rights, and obligations
close proximity
intimate awareness of others
economic benefits

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There has been a shift from individual self-sacrifice towards personal fulfillment
Today’s families are seen as weaker and less able to meet the needs to children, adults, and wider society

conservative

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Changes in families are a natural part of life and not a sign of weakening family unit These changes could be due to economic issues, but nevertheless require a greater acceptance of diversity

liberal

Some family changes hold negative consequences, yet also note economic issues as having an impact on family life

centrist

Suspend the beliefs, biases, or prejudices we have about a subject until we understand what is being said

importance of objectivity

Value judgments usually includes words that mean “should” (or, “I feel”) and imply that our way is the correct way

objective statements vs value judgments

belief that everyone has the same experiences and values that we have and therefore should think as we do

egocentric fallacy

belief that our ethnic group, nation, or culture is innately superior to others

ethnocentric fallacy

sets of general principles or concepts used to explain a phenomenon and to make predictions that may be tested and verified experimentally

theories

tend to focus on the family as part of a much larger social culture; the family is a social institution constantly interacting with and being influenced by a variety of systems (e.g., economy, government, systemic privilege + oppression)

macro-level theories

micro-level theories

how families are influenced by and in turn influence the wider environment

The emphasis of family ecology theory

the most immediate systems individuals and families interact with (e.g., family members, friends, neighbors)

microsystem

the interconnections between microsystems and how they influence each other (e.g., school, work, neighborhoods)

mesosystem

settings in which an individual does not directly interact, yet is still influenced by in their everyday lives (e.g., spouse’s workplace, child’s school)

exosystem

– encompasses the larger systems of society that influence family life (e.g., government, laws, customs, attitudes)

macrosystem

When structural functionalists study the family, they look at three aspects:

What functions the family as an institution serves for society What functional requirements family members perform for the family What needs the family meets for its individual members

Structural functionalism treats society as if it were a

living organism, like a person, animal, or tree

Conflict is a natural part of life. Humans are constantly in struggle over resources

Conflict theory holds that life involves discord and competition

Marriages and families are composed of individuals with different personalities, ideas, values, tastes, and goals

sources of conflict in families

Family members have different resources and amounts of power

sources of power

there are 4 important sources of power

legitimacy money physical coercion love

have an action orientation alongside their analytical one as they strive to raise society’s level of awareness regarding the oppression of women as well as other marginalized groups of people

feminists

looks at how people interact with one another We interpret or attach meanings to interactions, situations, roles, relationships and other individuals whenever we encounter them

symbolic interaction theory

Anything that might meet our needs (personal, familial, or community needs) Can include societal approval, financial success, marital relationships, parent-child relationships

rewards

Come as a result from loss of opportunities based on the choices we make In families, these can be the gain of extra responsibility which might result in the loss of spontaneity, free time, money, sex, affection, job or educational venture

costs

Overall evaluation the reward or cost | Just because something is viewed as a reward, does not mean it is also a profit…

profits/ losses

deals with large quantities of information that is analyzed and presented statistically Larger sample sizes; tends to utilizes surveys and questionnaires A goal is to generalize results to larger population

quantitative research

is concerned with a detailed understanding of the object of study Smaller sample sizes; tends to utilizes interviews, clinical research, observation A goal is to build new theories

qualitative research

primary unit for producing goods and caring for the needs of its members Marriages were arranged The wife was not an equal, but a helpmate Like her children, the colonial wife was economically dependent on her husband

Colonial Families

Marriage and birthrates were unusually high Divorce rates were uncharacteristically low The post-war economy boom enabled many to afford to buy houses with only one wage-earning spouse

families in the 1950s

Unmarried couples sharing living quarters and intimate and sexual relationships

cohabitation

factors promoting change

Economic changes Technological innovations Demographics Gender roles and opportunities

A category of people who share a common economic position in the stratified society in which they live

social class

Reflects the occupations we hold, the income and power they give us, and the opportunities they present or deny us

structural considerations

Class-specific values, attitudes, beliefs, and motivations that distinguish classes from one another

cultural considerations

Socio-economic status, which is usually based on income, education, and occupation

SES

Roughly 10% of the population occupies this position The uppermost level of this class represents 3% of the population Combined, their wealth accounts for more than what the “bottom” 90% have The upper 1% makes at least $2 million/year Many were born into these classes, or achieved through technology boom, entertainment, or sports

upper classes

Represents between 45-50% of the population Upper-middle class consists of highly paid professionals (lawyers, doctors, engineers) Middle-middle class comprises white-collar service workers, technicians, educators, salespeople, nurses… Usually have incomes between $40,000 and $80,000

middle classes

About a third of the U.S. population is working class Tend to work as skilled or semi-skilled laborers Jobs might include: plumbers, factory workers, mechanics, clerical workers High school or vocational educations Usually earn $20,000-$40,000have

working classes

Close to 20% percent of Americans are poor The poverty line was determined by calculating the annual costs of a “minimal food budget” multiplied by three Families whose incomes are even one dollar above this are not officially classified as poor Working Poor: Spend at least 27 weeks in the labor force, yet incomes fall below poverty line Who is likely to be in this category?

lower classes

relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities

egalitarian

Movement up or down the social class ladder

social mobility

Group of people classified based on phenotypes (anatomical and physical characteristics --facial features, body structure, skin color)

race

Group of people classified based on cultural characteristics (e.g., language, customs, religion)

ethnic group

Based on social experiences and a social hierarchy, which places them at economic, political, educational, and social disadvantages

minority group

The second-fastest-growing minority in U.S.

asian american families

The biological aspect of being male or female | Includes chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomical characteristics that differentiate most females from most males

sex

not innate or biological – it is based on social and cultural rules, norms, expectations

gender

How one sees themselves and labels themselves with regards to gender

gender identity

External display of gender, through a combination of dress, demeanor, social behavior, and other factors

gender expression

The type of sexual, romantic, physical, and/or spiritual attraction one feels for others

sexual orientation

culturally-defined set of attitudes, behaviors, and expectations that dictate how people with a certain gender are expected to act, think, and feel

gender roles

broad categories that reflect a culture’s impressions and beliefs about men and women; a belief that males and females, as a result of their sex, possess distinct psychological and behavioral traits

gender stereotypes

whereby men dominate political and economic institutions and exercise power in interpersonal relationships

patriarchies

In a heterosexual relationship where both the man and woman have full-time jobs, women overwhelmingly report coming home after work and having to manage household work, as well

second shift

Two assumptions: Male-female relationships are characterized by power issues Society is constructed in such a way that males dominate females Focuses on: How specific behaviors or roles are defined as male or female How labor is divided into man’s work and woman’s work, both at home and in the workplace How different institutions bestow advantages on men

gender theory

Emphasizes learning behaviors from others through rewards and punishments and modeling This approach has been modified to include cognitive processes, such as the use of language, the anticipation of consequences, and observation Modeling: Learning through imitation

social learning theory

Learning through imitation Playing “dress up” is one way children model the characteristics and behaviors of adults Part of the process of learning what is appropriate for someone of their gender

modeling

Parents socialize children through four very subtle processes:

Manipulation Channeling Verbal appellation Activity exposure

From early on, parents treat their sons and daughters differently Daughters are handled with more care; They are told how “beautiful” they are, and they are told “good girls do not fight”

manipulation

Children are guided towards and away from certain objects and activities Gendered toys

channeling

Parents use different words with boys and girls to describe the same behavior A little boy who pushes others is “active” or “rambunctious” A little girl who pushes others is “aggressive”

verbal appellation

Parents perform certain activities in front of boys and girls and may or may not ask them (or, expect them) to join in Little boys may not be expected to clean up the table after Thanksgiving dinner

activity exposure

other sources of socialization

school peers popular culture and mass media religion

worried by the societal shift in family attitudes and values. believes today's families are weaker and geared more towards personal self-fulfillment

conservative view

according to the US census a household consists of a group of 2 or more people related by birth, marriage, or adoption residing in the same household

FALSE

regarding kinship systems which statement is the most accurate

in american society especially we are free to define our kinship relations

which macro level theory asserts that human beings are uncooperative and in competition for scarce resources

conflict theory

family systems theory may try to understand disequilibrium in families and how it leads to turmoil and stress

true

which type of research might end with the building of a new theory

inductive research

test 1 Flashcards

(93 cards)