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Test 1 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Homologous genes

A

genes or a gene sequence that are in different species but encode the same product because the sequence is derived from a common ancestor

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2
Q

closely related species

A

species that are so similar in appearance that the difference between them can sometimes be unclear.

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3
Q

pseudogenes

A

inactive genes which are genetic leftovers

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4
Q

homoplasy

A

organisms that look similar but do not share a common ancestor

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5
Q

biological fitness

A

success of reproduction and passing these selected traits to offspring

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6
Q

synapomorphy

A

characteristics shared between different species that have derived from a common ancestor

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7
Q

polymorphism

A

when there is more than one variant for a phenotype or allele in a population

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8
Q

polyploidy

A

having more than two haploid sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

replacement mutation

A

a point mutation that changes a nucleotide and may change the protein to inactive or into something else, seems like a small change but can have great affect

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10
Q

leader sequence

A

a short sequence that will not be translated, it allows the ribosome to attach and translate the strand

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11
Q

somatic mutation

A

mutations that cannot be passed to offspring but can cause cancer in the organism which has the mutation

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12
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

short DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication

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13
Q

codon

A

three base sequences within in the DNA that code for the amino acids in proteins

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14
Q

parsimony

A

the branching pattern in a phylogenetic tree that requires the smallest number of evolutionary changes

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15
Q

promoter

A

sequences of DNA in front of the gene that tell RNA polymerase where to start transcribing

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16
Q

evolution

A

change in frequency of alleles in a population of a species through time

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17
Q

natural selection

A

the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype

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18
Q

homology

A

similarity between species due to a common ancestor, part may have different functions

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19
Q

shared (common) ancestors

A

an individual from which all organisms in a certain group have directly descended from

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20
Q

descent

A

the origin of an inheritance

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21
Q

genes

A

a DNA segment that encodes a functional product

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22
Q

alleles

A

different versions of the same gene

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23
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution of whole taxonomic groups over long periods of time.

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24
Q

microevolution

A

change within a species over a short period

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25
speciation
the formation of a new species
26
Evidence of microevolution
Selective breeding Direct observation of natural population Living anatomy: vestigial structures
27
Evidence of speciation
Lab experiments | Natural populations
28
Species
Groups that can actually or potentially interbreed but do not breed outside the group
29
Ring species
Offer particularly compelling evidence that one species can split into two
30
What does uniformitarianism have to do with evolution?
It paved the way for the geological time scale we use for dating fossils.
31
What does extinction have to do with evolution?
Extinction of a species and natural selection go hand in hand; therefore, is a major component of progressive evolution. Extinction can be viewed as in Darwin's eyes, a part of natural selection or as an outcome.
32
selective breeding
the process by which humans use breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits by choosing which males and females will sexually reproduce
33
Examples of selective breeding include:
various breeds of domesticated animals/plants, High-runner mice
34
We directly observe change through time through (textbook example); (Adams's examples)
Field Mustard; Soapberry Bug and microbes
35
What are vestigial organs?
organs that appear to be evolutionary leftovers
36
What is an example of a pseudogene?
CMAH
37
Examples of vestigial organs include:
tailbone and arrector pili in humans, wings on a brown kiwi, and the spur on the royal python
38
An example of a ring species is the
three-spined sticklebacks
39
What is extinction?
the end of a particular group (taxon, species, etc.)
40
What is succession?
the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time
41
What are fossils?
traces of any type indicating existence of some organism in the past
42
Can fossils exist of species still living today? If so give an example.
Yes, coelacanth
43
extinct
no longer in existence
44
Law of succession
the general pattern of correspondence between fossil and living forms from the same locale
45
transitional forms
a specie that exhibits traits common to ancestral and derived groups; "missing links"
46
One argument that has been presented against evolution is the lack of _____. However, the fossil record is littered with the abundant (----) which is what you would expect with evolution occurring and support for the law of succession.
transitional forms
47
Evidence of descent with modification is the ___ of all life forms.
relatedness
48
homologies
Structures shared because of shared genes
49
descent with modification
the passing on of traits from parent organisms to their offspring
50
homology
similarity between species that results from inheritance of traits from a common ancestor
51
In your family whom is most related to whom
brothers and sisters
52
homoplasies
similar traits in different organisms not due to decent but from convergent evolution
53
What is an example of convergent evolution?
The wings of a bird and the wings of a butterfly
54
Convergent evolution
the independent appearance in different lineages of similar derived characters
55
What is an example of homologous traits?
bones in the adult limbs of different vertebrate species
56
What three things can provide information on potential homologies?
comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology
57
anatomy
the structure of an organism
58
embryology
the development of gametes, fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses
59
molecular biology
the structure and function of the macromolecules (e.g., proteins and nucleic acids) essential to life
60
geologic time scale
a sequence of eons, eras, periods, epochs, and stages that furnishes a chronology of Earth history
61
radiometric dating
techniques for assigning absolute ages to rock samples, based on the ratio of parent-to-daughter radioactive isotopes present
62
uniformitarianism
the assumption that processes identical to those at work today are responsible for events that occurred in the past
63
plate tectonics
a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere
64
although not natural, indicates that species can change genetic makeup through time based on very specific selective pressures
artificial selection
65
selective pressures
any phenomena which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment. It is the driving force of evolution and natural selection
66
Some examples of artificial selection include:
pigeon tail feathers, tomatoes, and Brassica (cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, and kohlrabi are all derived form wild cabbage)
67
natural selection
a short set of postulates and a consequence that follows if the postulates are true; requires a lot of time
68
Four postulates of natural selection which are all testable
1. Individuals in the population are variable 2. This variation is genetic 3. There is differential survival and reproductive success in the offspring (More offspring are produces than can survive) 4. There will be competition for resources/mates and those that have genetic variations to compete most successfully will in turn reproduce the most/pass traits.
69
The individuals selected for are the individuals ____. Reproduction of natural selection is ____.
most fit. nonrandom.
70
represents the ability of an organism to pass its genes on to future generations
biological fitness
71
Natural selection should result in populations that are ________.
better adapted to the current environmental conditions
72
adaptation
a trait in an organism that increases its fitness relative to other individuals without this particular version of the trait in the current environment
73
Natural selection acts on individual ____, but the evolutionary consequences alter population _____.
phenotypes, genetic structure
74
Natural selection cannot instantaneously result in new traits, but new ___ that result in new traits through time.
mutations
75
Most mutations ____ typically beneficial, but that doesn't mean that ___ mutations are detrimental.
are not; all
76
Selection acts on ______, NOT for the good of the ____.
individual, species
77
_____ is the source of allelic variation and sometimes results in new genes.
Mutation
78
family tree showing likely evolutionary relationships between organisms
phylogeny
79
pleisiomorphy
an ancestral (primitive) trait
80
a derived (descendant) trait
apomorphy
81
a shared homologous trait that can help define relationships between species
synapomorphy
82
uniquely derived trait in a single taxon
autapomorphy
83
any monophyletic group at any level in classification
taxon
84
an ancestor and all of its descendants
monophyletic group
85
an ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants
paraphyletic group
86
homoplasy/convergent trait
a similar trait that has evolved independently in more than one lineage
87
when a mutation occurs such that an apomorphic trait reverts to its previous, more pleisiomorphic state
reversal
88
a of related organisms based on synapomorphic traits; in a phylogeny, this begins at a nodal species and includes all descendants from tat point (in other words a monophyletic group)
clade
89
a point in the phylogeny representing a divergence between two species from a single ancestor
node
90
represents a single taxon proceeding through time
branch
91
represents a unique extant or extinct taxon
tip or terminal node
92
the two taxa that diverge from the same node in a phylogeny; meaning they are closely related because of a recent ancestor
sister taxa
93
a node from which three or more taxa seem to arise; this is likely due to not enough character sampling
polytomy
94
the taxon to which we compare the group of species for which we are trying to construct the phylogeny
outgroup

Evolution (5 decks)

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