Test 1 Flashcards by Spencer Rickers

How much of blood is plasma, and how much is formed elements

About 55% plasma

About 45% formed elements

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The most prevalent to least prevalent leukocytes in order…

Neutrophil 60-70%
Lymphocytes 20-25%
Monocytes 3-8%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Basophils 0.5-1%

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The most prevelant to least prevalent proteins found in the blood in order…

Albumins 58%
Globulins 38%
Fibrinogen 4%

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What is Anemia?

low hematocrit, and or low hemoglobin

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What is Polycythemia?

high hematocrit

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What does a typical blood smear look like on a slide?

Evenly spaced RBC occasionally 2 or 3 cells group up.

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The purpose of the biconcave shape of RBC is to?

Increase surface area.

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The main function of platelets is to…

Form platelet plugs, this slows down bleeding, depending on the severity of the injury.

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The nucleus typically divided into 3-5 lobes which are connected by thin strands of chromatin. the complex shape of their nucleus identifies them unequivocally

Neutrophils

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Neutrophils Function

primary defense against bacteria and fungi

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Nucleus usually has only 2 lobes

The cytoplasm is filled with granules

Eosinophils

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Eosinophils Main function?

defense against parasitic infections

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Nucleus usually has 2-3 lobes

The lobes are typically not as well defined

the nucleus may appear S-shaped

granules of basophils are usually stained deeply bluish or reddish-violet, but they are not as numerous as those in eosinophils

Basophils

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Basophils Function…

Mediate inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergy symptoms.

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After migrating to tissues, basophils become

MAST CELLS

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Basophil and mast cell granules store lots of…

HISTAMINE

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has a C-shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus.
The nuclei will vary from a peanut- to a “fat” S-shape in smears. Whatever the shape of the nucleus, it is not lobed and not round.

Monocytes

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Monocytes Function…

Their main role is to kill intracellular microorganisms (certain bacteria, fungi) similar to
neutrophils (i.e., phagocytosis)

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Monocytes become_________ when they

migrate to tissue

MACROPHAGES

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Are generally the smallest of all the WBCs → usually a tad larger than RBCs

Round nucleus & very little cytoplasm

The nucleus may appear to fill the entire cell

Lymphocytes

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What do T lymphocytes do In response to pathogens?

produce chemicals that direct the immune response while other T cells, called CYTOTOXIC T CELLS or CD8+ CELLS, produce enzymes which induce the death of pathogen infected cells.

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Are a type of lymphocyte that play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses…

Natural killer cells

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NK cells kill by?

releasing small cytoplasmic granules of proteins called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die.

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Basic Components of the CBC (11 things)

WBC count
WBC Differential Count
RBC count
HematoCrit
Hemogloben
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
Red Cell Distribution Width (RCW)
Platelet Count
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)

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How may White Blood Cell Count decrease?

some medications, bone marrow failure, chemotherapy, and congenital marrow aplasia (marrow doesn't develop normally)

How may White Blood Cell Count Increase?

with infections, inflammation, cancer, leukemia

WBC Differential Count:

% of each of the 5 major types of leukocytes

Immature neutrophils, are called?

band neutrophils | Also part of WBC

Elevated when RBCs are larger than normal...

MACROCYTIC

When the MCV is decreased, RBCs are smaller than normal

MICROCYTIC

Calculation of the average amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside a RBC

CBC Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

Calculation of the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a red cell

CBC Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

seen in conditions where the hemoglobin is abnormally diluted inside the red cells

Hypochromia

are seen in conditions where the hemoglobin is abnormally concentrated inside the red cells

Hyperchromia

Calculation of the variation in the size of RBCs

CBC Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)

the amount of variation in RBC size

Anisocytosis

along with variation in shape in RBC

Polikilocytosis

causes an increase in the RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width)

ANISOCYTOSIS, and POIKILOCYTOSIS (variations in size, and shape).

diseased condition causing low numbers of platelets

thrombocytopenia

This test is typically ordered as part of a history & | physical examination, but can also be used to monitor a disease process or the effectiveness of treatment.

CMP comprehensive metabolic panel

Basic Components of the CMP 14 tests

``` -Electrolytes (dissociated ions) Sodium Potassium Calcium Chloride -Carbon Dioxide -Glucose -Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) -Creatinine -Albumin -Total Protein -Total Bilirubin -Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) -Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) -Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) ```

an enzyme mainly found in the liver; involved in amino acid catabolism

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

an enzyme found in the liver and a few other places, particularly the heart and skeletal muscles; also involved in amino acid catabolism

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

an enzyme related to the bile ducts; often increased when they are blocked or inflamed; when this occurs, the ALP can overflow like a backed up sewer and seep out of the liver and into the bloodstream; also found in bone

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

red blood cells. RBCs generally live for

90-100 days

Bilirubin is a hydrophobic waste product from the

metabolism of hemoglobin

The 3 tissues responsible for removing these deteriorating RBCs from the circulation are the

Liver, Spleen, and Bone marrow

The normal range for serum triglycerides is

35-160

An easy, inexpensive, non-specific test that has been used for many years to help detect conditions associated with acute and chronic inflammation, including infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

When an inflammatory process is present this causes red blood cells to stick to each other. The red cells form stacks called...

ROULEAUX

The rate at which RBCs precipitate (in a Westergren tube) in mm/hr

ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Normal range for ESR

The normal range is 0-22 mm/hr for men and 0-29 mm/hr for women

This protein has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, heart attack, sudden death, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease.

C-Reactive Protein It has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, heart attack, sudden death, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease.

[CRP] Low Risk for CVD

Less than 1.0 mg/L

[CRP] Intermediate Risk for CVD

Greater than 3.0 mg/L

[CRP] High Risk for CVD

Greater than 3.0 mg/L

There may be a link between cardio vascular disease and periodontal disease. Medical evaluation of patients with periodontal disease should include...

a lipid panel and blood glucose measurements (fasting and A1C) A plasma hsCRP determination should also be considered

n the fetus, blood cells are also formed in

the liver and spleen (extramedullary erythropoiesis).

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO), which is released by the

kidneys (and to a smaller extent, the liver)

RBCs enter the circulation as

reticulocytes | which still contain some organelles

An RBC integral protein that constitutes about 25% of total membrane protein; functions in anion transport, resulting in one-for-one exchange of bicarbonate for chloride across the membrane; also provides physical linkage of the lipid bilayer to the underlying membrane skeleton

BAND 3

Negatively charged RBC proteins that reducing the interaction of red cells with one another and with other cells

GLYCOPHORINS

serve as selective pores for RBC water transport

AQUAPORIN -1

The most important function of these proteins is to provide the red cell with a flexible, yet mechanically resilient and stable, membrane.

PROTEIN 4.1 PROTEIN 4.2 SPECTRIN

A disease characterized by the production of RBCs that are sphere-shaped rather than bi-concave disc shaped.

HEREDITARY Spherocytosis

is called carbamino-hemoglobin or carboxyhemoglobin

CO2 bound to hemoglobin | transports 30% of the total amount of CO 2

Hemoglobin molecules have __ polypeptide chains that contain sulfhydryl groups (-SH) that must be kept in______ form

4 | reduced

If there is insufficient energy, the red cell cannot operate normally. Ionic gradients fail, and the red cell becomes a

SPHEROCYTE a spherical shape

Erythrocyte glucose metabolism depends on

exclusively on cytosolic proteins

required to maintain glutathione on the red cell membrane in its reduced form

NADPH

required to maintain hemoglobin’s iron in the ferrous (reduced) state (Fe+2)

NADH

The pentose phosphate pathway is linked to glycolysis through...

Glucose 6 phosphate by the enzyme Glucose 6-phosphatase

How do blood Proteins (hemoglobin, albumins) act as a buffer.

if excess H+ is present (acidosis), the amine portion (-NH soaks up H+.

% of each of the 5 major types of leukocytes

WBC Diff count

Test 1 Flashcards

(74 cards)