Test 1 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Overnutriton
A
- Energy supply > Energy demand
- Less common with micronutrients
2
Q
Undernutrition
A
- When intake is poor/demand is increased
- Seen in food intake
3
Q
Malnutrition
A
- Children wont meet growth/development milestone
- Adults observe unintentional weight loss and muscle wasting
4
Q
Genes
A
Genes can control response to nutrition, nutrition can control expression of genes
5
Q
Do genes affect what we need to eat?
A
Yes
- Biological responses; as we develop, our responses to things change
6
Q
Low Risk Lifestyle Activities
A
- Exercising
- No drugs/smoking
- Not drinking
7
Q
High Risk Lifestyle Activities
A
Jobs where you breathe in harmful chemicals
8
Q
Anthropometric measures
A
- BMI, skin fold, growth chart data
- These things are only as good as the people who are measuring
9
Q
Dietary Recall
A
- Remembering what you eat
- Looking backwards (retrospective)
10
Q
Food Frequency
A
- How frequently do you eat specific foods
- Retrospective
11
Q
Food Record
A
- What you eat in current time
- Writing down what you eat as you go
- Prospective (current time)
12
Q
Subjective Methods
A
- Ex. dietary recall, food frequency, food record
- Dependent on who is writing down and performing the task of eating
- Not necessarily accurate
13
Q
Objective
A
Things we can be pretty sure about (lab values, medical history)
14
Q
What do biological markers lack?
A
- Specificity
- We think they mean one thing but they’re not specific
15
Q
Why physical exam?
A
- Nutritional status
- Cant see malnutrition, but can see signs in hair skin nails etc.
16
Q
Dietary Standards
A
- Protect against nutrient deficiency/excess
- Enable gov’t planning of food
- Provide food labelling info
- Provide guidance for people against preventable diseases
17
Q
1 cause of death in US?
A
Heart disease (most preventable)
18
Q
Who determines dietary standards?
A
USDA and Department of Health and Human Services
19
Q
Who deals with food labels?
A
FDA
20
Q
Dietary Reference Values
A
- Standards set by the health departments of gov’t or by organizations
- Define diets that maintain good health
21
Q
National systems vary according to what?
A
- Health priorities/policies
- Health, SES, body mass
- Composition of foods
- Lifestyle influences that determine bioavailability of nutrients(ex. US says we need exercise, Japan wouldn’t)
22
Q
Dietary Assessment
A
- What we use to get research from people
- Measure of nutrient intake
- All methods are prone to bias/error
- Choice of methods depends on size/nature of population
23
Q
Advantages/Disadvantages of Dietary Recall
A
Advantages: - Inexpensive - Can be repeated w same person - Doesnt influence food intake Disadvantages: - One recall not representative - Reliant on memory - Prone to under/over reporting intakes
24
Q
Food Record Advantages/Disadvantages
A
Advantages: - Not reliable on memory - Can be precise - Can get info on meal patterns Disadvantages: - Act of recording may change behavior - Time intensive (so dropout) - Under/over recording intakes
25
Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)
- Provide food checklists to individuals
- Estimates habitual intake of foods
- Most generate dat on foods, not nutrients
- Most common data collection when doing large nutrition research
26
Advantages/Disadvantages of FFQ
```
Advantages:
- Inexpensive
- Represents usual intake over long period
- Self administered
Disadvantages
- Doesnt capture portion sizes
- No micronutrient intakes
- Depends on memory
- Must be validated for population of interest
```
27
How did Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) come up?
- Needed scientific reference to make recommendation for people
- Wanted to be sure we were telling people what they needed to eat at least enough of
- Basis for nutrition standards
28
DRIs are for who?
Populations AND data for individuals
29
Adequate Nutrition Intakes
- Different for each person
| - Based on factors (age, gender, physical activity, genetics)
30
Nutrient Requirement
Amount of a nutrient one must consume to promote optimal health
31
How are DRI's grouped?
By gender and life cycle
32
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
- Meets POPULATION needs
- Meets 50% of needs
- Creates RDA
33
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)
- Purpose: prevent nutrient deficiencies, promote optimal health
- Meets INDIVIDUAL needs
- Meets 97% for healthy individuals
- No EAR? no RDA
- Built in safety margin
34
Upper Limit (UL)
- If we consume more, toxicity
| - Not w all nutrients (insufficient research)
35
Adequate Intake (AI)
- For infants (no RDAs, just AI)
- Lack of research to support RDA
- No AI if RDA/EAR
36
Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)
- Mathematical equation
| - Age, sex, weight, height, and physical activity
37
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDRs)
- Distribution of energy sources
- Carbs: 45-65%
- Protein: 10-35%
- Fats: 20-35%
38
MyPlate
- Joint effort of USDA and USDHHS
- Build healthy plate
- Cut back on certain foods
- Eat right amount of calories
- Be physically active your way
39
Ecological Study
- Looking at disease outcomes for specific location at specific time
- Only population averages, not individual
40
Cross-Sectional Study
- Looking at nutritional exposure/disease outcome
- Single population at specific point in time
- Descriptive study
41
Case-Controlled Study
- Compares nutritional exposures in population with specific disease to a similar reference population without the disease
- Helps see our information isn't based off chance
42
Cohort Study
- Observational
- Follows a population over a long time (years)
- Nutritional exposure is measured at beginning to be related to disease that develops over course of study
- Follow up may occur over many years
43
Randomized Controlled Trial
- Experimental study
- Randomly select group to be administered foodstuffs, nutrients, etc and are compared to match control group of period to follow up
- GOLD standard
- See in people/animals
44
Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analysis
- Use existing evidence to address research question
- Synthesizes findings
- Considers flaws and gaps in evidence
- Combines results of smaller studies to make larger sample
- Risk of being calculated wrong
45
Pregnancy death rates now>
5/6 in 1000
46
How many pregnancies are planned?
60%
47
Main factors what appear that are unrelated to nutritional status?
- Menarche to Menopause
- Health of reproductive tract
- Function and regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary ovarian axis
48
Female vs. Men Time Frame for Fertility
- Females are limited
| - Men can maintain fertility throughout life
49
What has the biggest impact on Menarche?
Nutrition
50
Three stages of menarche?
Follicular phase -> Ovarian -> Luteal phase
51
Disordered Reproductive Cycling
Result of emotional stress, excessive exercise, disease of reproductive tract, meditation, obesity, extreme weight loss
52
Consequences of Disordered Reproductive Cycling
- Amenorrhea
- Oligorrhea
- Anovulation
53
Amenorrhea
Loss of menstrual cycle
54
Oligorrhea
Abnormally long cycles (45-90 days)
55
Anovulation
Failure to ovulate
56
Major cause of menstrual cycle disorders?
Poor nutrition status
57
LH
Luteinizing hormone
58
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
59
What do ovaries form?
- Clusters of immature follicles (fluid filled cysts)
60
Problems with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
- Fluid filled cysts which cause anovulation/oligorrhea
- High androgen concentrations (head hair loss, increased hair growth on face/chest)
- Family obesity history
61
Most important approach to managing PCOS
Weight loss through calorie restriction
62
Main factor determining female fertility
Body fat content
63
What body fat is the requirement for menarche
17% - minimum
64
What body fat is required to sustain reproductive cycling
22%
65
Leptin
- Peptide hormone
- Links body fattness of woman to hypothalamus pituitary ovarian axis
- Governs fertility
- From adipose tissue
66
Lower leptin concentrations
Anovulation
67
Extremely low leptin concentrations
Amennorhea
68
Leptin / Obese women
Obese -> more adipose tissue -> more leptin
69
ROS
Molecule with unpaired electrons that causes tissue damage
70
Antioxidants
Lend electrons to buffer damage of free radicals
71
Oxidative Stress
- ROS activity isnt fully buffered by antioxidants
| - Normal feature of reproductive function
72
What happens when you dont have supply of antioxidants
- ROS isnt neutralized
| - Become in state of imbalance
73
Why is body rich in antioxidants?
Controls oxidative stress
74
Study on antioxidant supplements?
Showed there is no significant benefit for womens reproductive health
75
Caffeine
- Results are inconclusive
| - Limit caffeine/alcohol use
76
How is male fertility assessed?
- Sperm count
- Sperm motility
- Sperm morphology
77
Dietary factors as determinants of fertility?
- Obesity reduces
- Micronutrients
- Alcohol impacts
- Endocrine disruption by components of food chain
78
Abnormal Spermatogenesis
- Underweight men have low circulation
| - Obese men have low circulation and produce lower quantities of sex hormone binding proteins
79
Alcohol
- Ethanol is spermatotoxic in animals (low LH/FSH, reduced testosterone)
- No evidence about moderate alcohol consumption
80
Alcoholics
- Low semen volume
- Low sperm count
- Reduced sperm motility
- Fewer sperm with normal morphology
81
Zinc
- Deficiency linked to infertility/spermatogenesis
- Key cofactor for synthesis of DNA/RNA
- Unclear about normal range
82
What can oxidative damage do to sperm?
- Reduce fertility
| - More damaged, immotile sperm
83
Antioxidant Supplementation
- No clear evident benefit
- Most trials use high dosage
- Limited success in subfertile men
84
Hormone Mimics
Bind estrogen receptor and induce estrogenic responses
85
Antihormones
Oppose actions of endogenous androges
86
Phthalates
- Used in production of flexible plastics and household cleaning products
- Inhibits testosterone production
- Measurements of phthalate metabolites is inversely proportional to sperm count
87
Baby boys and Phthalates
- Exposure through formula milk with contamination of milk powder and baby bottle
- Breast milk
88
Phytoestrogens
- Plant derived compounts with estrogenic activity (lignans, soy derived isoflavones)
- Have little impact on adult male fertility
89
Lignans
Sources of dietary fiber
| - Flax seeds
90
Controllable Factors of Pregnancy
Environmental and lifestyle
91
Uncontrollable Factors of Pregnancy
Social and physiological
92
Maternal Weight Management
- Weight gain during pregnancy is reflection of BMI
| - Weight loss during pregnancy is not recommended
93
When should women try to lose weight?
Prior to conception
94
Vitamin A
-Should be restricted during pregnancy due to association w birth defects
95
NTD and Fliac Acid
- Closure of neural tube at week 4 of gestation -> demand for folate is high
96
Neural Tube
Brain and Spinal Cord
97
What happens if folic acid is limiting nucleotide?
Neural Tube may not close
98
Anencephaly
- Neural tube defect
| - Cerebral arches of the brain will be absent (death)
99
Spina Bifida
Spinal cord isnt fully encased in bone making it vulnerable to injury/damage
100
What % of Pregnancy is unplanned?
40%
101
Fortification
In 1998, US food and drug administration imposed mandatory fortification with folate (pasta, bread)
- UK govt doesnt do this
