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Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

appositional growth

A

outer surface growth that increases diameter of the bone; adding layers of circumferential lamellae

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2
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that divide and differentiate into osteoblasts

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3
Q

osteoblasts

A

produce new bone matrix through OSTEOGENESIS; help convert osteoid to bone

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4
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix; each one occupies a pocket called a LACUNA

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5
Q

lamellae

A

thin layers of matrix

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6
Q

canaliculi

A

narrow passageways that interconnect lacunae and provide a route for nutrient diffusion (the thin strands that radiate from the center of the osteon in compact bone, and small pores in trabeculae in spongy bone)

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7
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • remove bone matrix through OSTEOLYSIS (regulates calcium phosphate levels)
  • have 50 or more nuclei
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8
Q

hydroxyapapite

A
  • hard, brittle crystals found in the bone matrix that can withstand compression but not twisting/bending
  • when calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide
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9
Q

bone matrix

A
  • contains inorganic salts (hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate), collagen fibres
  • important for compressive and tensile strength of bones
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10
Q

collagen fibres

A

strong and flexible (tensile forces)

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11
Q

concentric lamellae

A

lamellae of each osteon; resembles a target

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12
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

make up outer ring (covered by periosteum) and inner ring (covered by endosteum) in compact bone

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13
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

fill spaces in between osteons in compact bone

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14
Q

What is endochronal ossification?

A

cartilage that makes up the embryo’s skeletal system is gradually replaced by bone

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15
Q

bone formation begins at approximately __ weeks after fertilization

A

6

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16
Q

steps of endochronal ossification

A

1) chondrocytes enlarge and die
2) osteoblasts form and cartilage ensheathed by superficial layer of bone
3) blood vessels penetrate centre; PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTRE: fibroblasts from blood differentiate into osteoblasts producing spongy bone
4) remodelling/growth; medullary cavity forms; bone gets thicker; metaphysis
5) SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTRE: capillaries and osteoblasts enter epiphysis
6) epiphysis filled with spongy bone
7) chondrocytes produce cartilage at epiphyseal side and die at diaphyseal side; osteoblasts replace area with bone and move toward epiphysis
8) puberty; osteoblasts produce bone faster than chondrocytes produce cartilage, epiphyseal cartilage disappears (epiphyseal closure)

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17
Q

interstitial growth

A

when bone grows in length

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18
Q

In endochondrial growth, what is the original source of osteoblasts?

A

inner layer of periosteum

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19
Q

epiphyseal cartilage/epiphyseal plate

A

plate of hyaline cartilage present at each metaphysis, separates epiphysis and diaphysis

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20
Q

epiphyseal line

A

formed after epiphyseal plate stops producing bone (adult stage)

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21
Q

What roles do osteoclasts and osteoblasts play in calcium maintenance?

A
  • osteoclasts break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the blood
  • osteoblasts (if bound to PTH) can release a hormone that matures osteocytes
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22
Q

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A
  • binds to osteoblasts leading to osteoclast maturation (encouraging breakdown of bone matrix and release of calcium into blood)
  • enhance calcium absorption in intestines
  • increase production of calcitriol in kidneys (stimulates calcium absorption in small intestine)
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23
Q

cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

A
  • synthesized by a steroid compound when deep epidermal cells are exposed to UV radiation
  • also obtained through diet
  • converted into calcitriol by the liver (stimulating calcium absorption)
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24
Q

How is blood calcium level decreased? (increased bone calcium level)

A
  • C cells in thyroid gland release CALCITONIN
  • osteoclast activity reduced
  • reduced PTH/calcitriol = less absorption
  • inhibits absorption of calcium ion in kidney
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25
Long bones grow ____ while flat bones grow ____.
long bones grow endochrondrally, flat bones grow intramembranously
26
axial skeleton
skull, thorax, vertebral column
27
appendicular skeleton
upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
28
nutrient foramen
"window" through the bone that allows blood vessels and nutrients to enter
29
medullary cavity
hollow shaft in the diaphysis that contains bone marrow, lipid deposits, blood vessels and nutrient deposits
30
osteoid
matrix that surrounds cells (osteoblasts)
31
What structures are present in compact bone but not spongy bone?
central canals and osteons
32
Organization of lamellae in compact vs. spongy bone
- compact bone: concentric lamellae arranged in osteons | - spongy bone: forms struts and plates known as trabeculae
33
Where is bone marrow found?
in the medullary cavity and spongy bone
34
hair matrix
basal cells that divide to produce hair; contain melanocytes
35
hair papilla
small peg of connective tissue filled with blood vessels and nerves
36
hair medulla
centre of hair matrix; cells not dividing here; soft keratin
37
arrector pili muscles
smooth muscles attached to the hair follicle that causes the hair to stand upright when contracting
38
Describe the phases of hair growth
1) active phase: hair grows (2-5 years) 2) regression: moving into resting phase (1-2 weeks) 3) resting phase: hair loses attachment to the follicle (5-6 weeks 4) reactivation: club hair is shed, replacement begins to be produced
39
dermal papillae
- project into epidermis (epidermal ridges) | - increase surface area for attachment of epidermis to dermis
40
sebaceous glands
- secrete oil (sebum) into the hair follicle | - holocrine secretion: cells become packed with secretion and burst, releasing contents
41
sebum
- mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, electrolytes and proteins - lubricates hair, moisturizes skin, inhibits bacteria growth
42
apocrine sweat glands
- produce sticky, cloudy, potentially smelly secretion - found in armpits, groin, nipples (limited areas) - may be a part of olfactory communication - merocrine secretion: contents released by exocytosis
43
myoepithelial cells
- squeeze sweat glands to discharge secretion
44
eccrine/merocrine sweat glands
- produce a watery secretion containing electrolytes - most areas of the skin - thermoregulation, excretion, antibacterial - merocrine secretion: contents released by exocytosis
45
Why do fingers wrinkle in water?
- in water, electrolytes are diluted - blood vessels constrict around glomus bodies (components of the dermis involved in thermoregulation) to control electrolyte amounts - glomus bodies are found in the dermis and when they contract, it pulls the epidermis towards the dermis causing wrinkles
46
cutaneous membrane
consists of the epidermis and dermis
47
subcutaneous layer
- aka hypodermis - contains fatty tissue (adipose tissue) - where vaccines go - not part of the integument but separates it from deeper structures
48
papillary layer
- layer of the dermis - highly vascularized (blood vessels) areolar (connective) tissue - capillaries, lymphatic vessels, sensory nerve fibres
49
reticular layer
- dense mesh of irregular connective tissue - collagen and elastic fibres - contains accessory organs (like hair follicles and sweat glands)
50
functions of the integumentary system
- protection - production of melanin and keratin - excretion - thermoregulation - synthesis of vitamin D3 - lipid storage - sensory reception
51
arrector pili muscle
- attached to hair follicle - raises hair when contracting - involuntary - raising hair traps heat in animals with a lot of hair (response to cold), makes the animal look larger (response to danger)
52
thin skin vs. thick skin
``` thin skin: - 4 strata - approx. 0.08 mm thick - covers most of the body thick skin: - 5 strata (lucidum) - palms and soles of the feet - approx. 0.5 mm thick ```
53
name and briefly describe the layers of the epidermis
- stratum corneum: densely packed dead keratinized cells connected by desmosomes; takes 7-10 days to go from basale to corneum and can remain for 2 weeks until shed - stratum lucidum: "clear layer" that separates stratum corneum from deeper layer in THICK SKIN ONLY; flattened cells filled with proteins keratin and keratohyalin - stratum granulosum: "grainy layer" that has 3-5 layers of keratinocytes (make keratin); darker in colour; no cell division - stratum spinosum: "spiny layer" with 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes; contains dendritic cells that act in immune response - stratum basale: deepest layer of the epidermis; contains basal cells that divide; have melanin, sensation cells; more organized
54
osteoprogenitor cells
differentiate into osteoblasts
55
How is skin colour determined?
by HOW MUCH melanin is produced to protect keratinocytes (not by the number of melanocytes)
56
melanin
brown/yellow-brown/black pigment produced by melanocytes
57
albinism
when cells lack the enzyme needed to produce melanin
58
carotene
orange-yellow pigment found in epidermal cells (mostly in stratum corneum of light skin people)
59
melanosomes
- carry melanin - travel from melanocytes to keratinocytes, transferring melanin which temporarily colours keratinocyte until melanosomes are destroyed by fusion with lysosomes
60
How does melanin transfer differ in lighter skin vs. darker skin
- lighter skin: transfer occurs in stratum basale and spinosum so the more superficial layers lose pigmentation - darker skin: transfer also occurs deeper in stratum granulosum, melanocytes are more active, pigmentation is darker and more persistent
61
melanocyte
- located in stratum basale | - manufacture melanin from the amino acid tyrosine
62
What protects the skin (keratinocytes) from UV radiation?
melanin
63
basal cell carcinoma
- most common form of skin cancer - caused by overexposure to UV (sunlight) - metastasis is highly unlikely
64
malignant melanoma
- cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly | - metastasize through entire lymphatic system (very bad!!)
65
subpapillary plexus
network of blood vessels that supply blood to capillaries in the epidermis and dermis
66
free nerve endings
- found in epidermis | - touch, pressure
67
tactile discs
- found in deepest layer of epidermis | - texture, steady pressure
68
tactile corpuscles
- found in papillary layer of the dermis | - fine touch, pressure and vibrations
69
lamellar corpuscles
- found in the dermal and subcutaneous layers | - deep pressure, vibrations
70
bulbous corpuscles
- found in the reticular layer of the dermis | - pressure, stretching
71
proximal vs. distal
- proximal: toward the centre of body/point of attachment | - distal: away from centre of body/point of attachment
72
lateral vs. medial
- lateral: away from midline | - medial: toward midline
73
superior vs. inferior
- superior: at high level; above | - inferior: at lower level; below
74
superficial vs. deep
- superficial: near the surface | - deep: toward internal, away from the surface
75
posterior/dorsal vs. anterior/ventral
- posterior/dorsal: back | - anterior/ventral: front, belly surface
76
cranial/cephalic vs. caudal
- cranial/cephalic: towards the head | - caudal: toward the tail
77
frontal plane
- parallel to long axis | - separates anterior and posterior
78
sagittal plane
- parallel to long axis - separates left and right - midsagittal: separates body into equal left and right - parasagittal: unequal sections
79
transverse plane
- perpendicular to long axis - separates superior and inferior portions of the body - aka cross section

BIO210 (11 decks)

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