Test 1

Question 1

Plato

Answer 1

Argued that children are born with innate knowledge of concrete objects and abstract concepts

Question 2

Locke

Answer 2

1. Viewed infants as Tabula Rossa or blank slate

2. Experiences mold children; shaped by experience

Question 3

Rousseau

Answer 3

“Noble Savages”: Born with an innate sense of right and wrong

Question 4

Correlational studies

Answer 4

Measures the extent which two variables are related

• 2 types: positive and negative
• Advantage: can study factors that can’t be manipulated
• Disadvantages: correlation does not mean causation

Question 5

Experiments

Answer 5

• Used to study cause and effect relationships

Question 6

2 groups of experiments

Answer 6

1. Experimental group

2. Control group

Question 7

Components of an experiment

Answer 7

independent variable and dependent variable

Question 8

Longitudinal design

Answer 8

Same person is observed repeatedly at different ages
Advantages: Direct way to study development
Disadvantages: expensive, long-term, practice effects

Question 9

Practice effects

Answer 9

Improvements and performance as a result of repeated practice with a task

Question 10

Cross-sectional design

Answer 10

Different people are measured a single time
Advantages: less time-consuming and expensive
Disadvantages: disconnected snapshot of development and cohort effects

Question 11

Sequential design

Answer 11

Different sequences of children are tested longitudinally
Advantages: provide info about continuity and less time
Disadvantages: less info about continuity than longitudinal and more time-consuming than cross-sectional

Question 12

Case study

Answer 12

Observation of an individual or small group over a long period of time. Chimps and sign language.
Advantages: suggest direction for a future studies
Disadvantages: generalizability is it applicable to the masses

Question 13

Naturalistic observation

Answer 13

Occurs in real-world setting and captures naturally occurring behavior
Advantages: Direct way to gather information
Disadvantages: people behave differently if they know they’re being observed

Question 14

Structured observations

Answer 14

Occurs in a setting that the experimenter controls and is useful for studying behaviors that are difficult to observe naturally

Question 15

Self-report

Answer 15

A method in which individuals respond to questions about specific topics.
Advantages: lead directly to information on topic of interest and convenient
Disadvantages: response biases

Question 16

Response biases

Answer 16

Respond in a more socially acceptable way

Question 17

Microsystem

Answer 17

Immediate every day environment

Question 18

Mesosystem

Answer 18

Connects the Microsystems

Question 19

Exosystem

Answer 19

Not experienced firsthand but still influences development such as parents workplace

Question 20

Macrosystem

Answer 20

Larger cultural influences

Question 21

Chronosystem

Answer 21

Systems change over time

Question 22

Process

Answer 22

The types of interactions the individual has with others in the microsystem

Question 23

Person

Answer 23

The individual’s unique characteristics

Question 24

Demand characteristics

Answer 24

Act as an immediate stimulus to another person

Question 25

Resource characteristics

Answer 25

Relate to mental and emotional resources

Question 26

Force characteristics

Answer 26

Relate to differences in temperament, motivation, persistence, etc.

Question 27

Context

Answer 27

The nested systems that were originally identified

Question 28

Time

Answer 28

Refers to aspects of temporality

Question 29

Phonology

Answer 29

Sounds

Question 30

Semantics

Answer 30

Individual words and their meanings

Question 31

Lexicon

Answer 31

Vocabulary and how to form new words

Question 32

Grammar/syntax

Answer 32

Structure

Question 33

Pragmatics

Answer 33

How to communicate effectively | Ex: talking to BFF versus professor

Question 34

Stages of pre-speech vocal development

Answer 34

1. Crying and vegetative sounds 2. Cooing and laughter 3. Vocal play 4. Reduplicated babbling 5. Nonreduplicated babbling

Question 35

Cooing

Answer 35

Vowel like sounds | Social interaction elicits cooing

Question 36

Vocal play

Answer 36

Produce a variety of different consonant and vowel sounds at four months

Question 37

Reduplicated babbling

Answer 37

Babbling that consist of repeating the same consonant vowel combinations and over and over

Question 38

Non-reduplicated babbling

Answer 38

Babbling that contains sequences of different syllables

Question 39

Early naming errors

Answer 39

Under extension and over extension

Question 40

Underextension

Answer 40

Defining a word too narrowly

Question 41

Overextension

Answer 41

Defining a word too broadly

Question 42

What causes over extensions?

Answer 42

Category error Lexical gap Retrieval failure

Question 43

Lexical gap

Answer 43

have a concept but no word to name it

Question 44

Retrieval failure

Answer 44

Failed to retrieve the correct word from memory

Question 45

Mapping problem

Answer 45

Infinite number of word meanings that are logically possible

Question 46

How to solve mapping problem

Answer 46

Lexical constraints, input, clues from syntax

Question 47

Lexical constraints

Answer 47

Whole object constraint and mutual exclusivity

Question 48

Whole object constraint

Answer 48

Words referred to whole objects and not parts or properties

Question 49

Mutual exclusivity

Answer 49

An object can only have one label

Question 50

Input

Answer 50

Speech directed to children is about the here and now. | Adults provide explicit instruction about word meanings.

Question 51

Clues from syntax

Answer 51

Syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis: find and use clues to the meaning of new words in the syntactic structure of sentences

Question 52

Types of morphology

Answer 52

Inflectional morphology and derivational morphology

Question 53

Inflectional morphology

Answer 53

Adds grammatical information but does not change the words category

Question 54

Derivational morphology

Answer 54

Forms a new word, potentially changing the words category

Question 55

Simultaneous bilingualism

Answer 55

Results from being exposed to two languages from birth or shortly after birth

Question 56

Sequential bilingualism

Answer 56

Results from learning a second language after the first language acquisition is underway

Question 57

Characteristics that influence second language learning

Answer 57

Phonological memory, social/personality variables, age, proficiency in first language predict success with second language

Question 58

Phonological memory

Answer 58

Ability to remember speech sounds briefly

Question 59

Types of education

Answer 59

Provide curriculum in two languages | Immersion programs

Question 60

Symptoms of PTSD

Answer 60

Re-experiencing the traumatic event; avoidance of thoughts feelings and actions; reduced responsiveness; increased arousal, negative emotions, and guilt

Question 61

Treatment options of PTSD

Answer 61

1. Treatment procedure is very depending on type of trauma, may include drug therapy, psychotherapy, or behavioral exposure techniques

Question 62

Exposure based therapy techniques

Answer 62

Flooding and EMDR

Question 63

Flooding

Answer 63

Client is exposed repeatedly and intensively to the feared stimulus

Question 64

EDMR

Answer 64

Clients move eyes side to side in rhythmic manner while flooding minds of images stimuli and situations ordinarily avoided