Test 1 Flashcards by Dylan Weaver

Located on petrous part of temporal bone.

Sup drains to transverse sinus

Inf drains to internal jugularV.

Sup and inf petrosal sinuses

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Muscles of the face are innervated by?

Facial nerve.

Cranial nerve VII

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Endodermal out pocketing from rostral foregut between adjacent arches

Branchial pouch

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The refractive power of a lens

Diopter

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Common part of ear for ear infections?

Middle ear (otitis media)

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Action of medial rectus

Adduct

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Two things of importance that are found in the nasopharynx?

Adenoids (pharyngeals tonsils)

Opening of auditory tubes

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What is responsible for the circular, antagonistic, center-surround receptive fields of bipolar cells??

Horizontal cells laterally inhibit photoreceptors

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Action ; Depressor anguli oris

Tragedy muscle

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Arteries that pass through the suboccipital triangle

Vertebral artery

Occipital artery

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What directions of eye movement are limited due to having “check ligaments’’

Medial and lateral rotation are limited due to check ligaments

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Vibrating lips that arise from the entire upper edge of the arch of cricoid

Conus elasticus

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The branch of the facial nerve responisble for visceral motor (parasympathetic) innervation to the lacrimal gland and the mucous glands of the nose and the palate .. also does visceral sensory innervation to the nasopharynx

Greater petrosal nerve

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Pushing the temporal lobe through the temporal notch

Uncal herniation.

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Innervation to efferents. Autonomics, smooth muscles (including arrector pilae muscles of skin), blood vessels, and secretomotor to glands

Visceral motor

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Obstruction of the tarsal glands in the tarsal plate

Chalazion

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The degree of damage to the ear secondary to loud sounds is a function of

Loudness and duration of exposure

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A disturbance of the normal fluid balance between different fluid compartments

Edema

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Vertebral A. Enters skull thru the ____

Foramen magnum

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What passes between middle and inferior constrictor muscles?

Superior laryngeal artery

Internal laryngeal nerve

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In the craniovertebral joint, the anterior longitudinal ligament becomes the

Anterior atlantooccipital membrane( C1 thru occipital)

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Enhances the effectiveness of the active pathway by inhibiting or suppressing output from an antagonistic pathway

Feedforward inhibition.

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A leaf shaped cartilage that is posterior to the roof of the tongue.

Connected to the hyoid at its body and to the posterior side of the thyroid cartilage

Epiglottis

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Measurement of ntraocular pressure

Tonometry

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The first branchial membrane forms the

Tympanic membrane

The posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and membrana tectoria fuse to the

Dura

Where does the carotid artery pass thru the cavernous sinus?

Carotid siphon

Hard to diagnose, has no external swelling, but can possibly block the airway, or spread unimpeded to the thorax

Retropharyngeal abscess

Pretracheal and retropharyngeal lymph nodes make up the

Deep ring

Vision when only rods are activated, under the lowest levels of illumination

Scotopic vision

Floor of the middle ear is what?

Jugular foramen (jugular vein can rupture into middle ear)

Change pitch of sound with

Thyroid and cricoid joint

CSF pH is regulated through ?

Bicarbonate ion and proton transport

Shape of hematoma in epidural hematoms on imaging.

Lens shaped, ( biconvex )

Sinus in the lateral fixed part of tentorium. Receives blood from the superior sagittal or confluens

Transverse sinus

Cranial nerves that make up the somatic motor axons

III, IV, VI | XII

Muscle that is not working in Bell’s Palsy which makes it dificult to chew.

Buccinator

This type of calcium channels open at more modest levels of depolarization, typically between resting potential and action potential threshold, but are also rapidly inactivated at these potentials

Low-voltage activated Or Transient (T-type)

Normal intraocular pressure?

15 +/- 2 mm Hg

Superior sagittal sinus receives blood from?

Brain, orbit, and emissary veins

A fold that covers the sella turcica

Diaphragma sella

The upper part of the neurocranium that covers the cranial cavity containing the brain

Calvarium

Pupil constriction

Miosis

Sinus in upper border of falx cerebri

Superior sagittal sinus

Cranial nerves for eye movement

III, IV, VI

Stereotyped motor response to a specific sensory stimulus

Reaction

Division of the autonomic nervous system who’s role is to conserve and store resources. ?

Parasympathetic nervous system ( rest and digest )

Cartilage of larynx that has a complete ring w a narrow anterior arch and a broad posterior lamina

Cricoid

The nerves of the cervical plexus emerge from where?

The posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

Innervation to precise sensation, sensory to skin, joints, muscle and tendon receptor endgins in the head, also nasal and oral cavity

Somatic sensory

Clinical test for frontalis in Bell’s Palsy

Raise eyebrow

A group of diseases characterized by the damage to the optic nerve

Glaucoma

Apical membrane surface of choroid plexus epithelial cells faces

Into the ventricle

Insertion: tensor tympani muscle

Handle of malleus

Swelling of pharyneal tonsils

Adenoids

The outer 1/3 of the external auditory meatus is what? And contains what?

Cartilage Contains ceruminous glands, sebaceous glands, and hair

Abducts or adducts the vocal cords

Arytenoid and cricoid cartilages

Located where the suspensory ligaments attach to the eyeball

Ciliary muscle

Hearing loss as a result of an issue with the outer or middle ear.

Conductive hearing loss

Increases contrast between stimuli and helps to maintain the resolving power of a sensory system

Lateral and surround inhibition

A progressive thinning and bulging of the cornea which distorts vision due to altered refraction across the cornea

Keratoconus

Insertion ; stapedius

Neck of stapes

Branch of cervical plexus that provides the sensory innervation to the skin of the anterior neck?

Transverse cervical (C2 C3)

Junction of temporal, sphenoid parietal and frontal bones

Pterion

Muscle of opposite arm or leg

Contralateral muscle

A lens that diverges light

Concave lens

Forms superior parathyroid gland and c cells of thyroid gland (which produce calcitonin)

Pouch 4

Sounds seem to loud

Hyperacousia

A gradual, age related decrease in the ability of the eye to do accomodation.

Presbyopia

The branch of the facial nerve responsible for the taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Also responsible for the parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular glands and the salivary glands

Chorda tympani

Falx cerebri is an infolding of wha?

The inner membrane of the dura mater (true dura)

Type of edema that can be caused by over secretion of CSF or impairment of absorption of CSF. Characterized by increased CSF pressure within the ventricles which ends up causing increased fluid in the brain parenchyma.

Interstitial edema

Part 3 of the subclavian artery is ____ to the scalenus anterior?

Lateral

General swelling of the whole body, usually due to abnormal fluid retention in the tissues

Anasarca

What does closing the respiratory system with the larynx allow for?

Increasing abdominal pressure

Progressive loss of hearing, especially for higher frequencies, which is common with aging

Presbycusis

Avascular, transparent layer over anterior eyes, aids in focusing light, irregularities - astigmatism

Cornea

Dilator nares; action

Dilate nostrils

Ligaments that hold the lens in place, attach radially around the eye. They are under constant tension during resting condition and pull the lens into a relatively flat shape.

Suspensory ligaments

Ligament that connects the epiglottis to the thyroid

Thyroepiglottic ligament

Incomplete formation of the confluens of sinuses causes ?

The straight sinus can join superior sagittal sinus at the confluens OR turn left.

Inferior parathyroid gland comes from

3rd branchial pouch

Which joint of the larynx is a synovial hinge joint which allows for the change in pitch of sound (tense or relax vocal cords) . Tilting motion.

Thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

High frequency sound waves move the basilar membrane

At the stiffer base

Membranes that link bones at birth

Fontanelles

Extracellular fluid bathing the apical surface of the hair cell

Endolymph

Viral infection associated w Bell’s Palsy

Herpes Simplex

The branch of the facial nerve that is responsible for the branchiomotor innervation to the stapedius muscle

Stapedial nerve

Group of interneurons that are interconnected. These produce activities in motor neurons and can generate rhythmic behaviors

Pattern generator

Action of the lateral rectus (CN VI)

Abduct eye

Drugs that prevent glaucoma by increasing ocular fluid reuptake

Prostaglandin analogs | Paraspathomimetics

Origin : tensor tympani muscle

Canal in anterior wall

Infection in the retropharyngeal space can spread unimpeded to ?

The thorax

Fovea has a higher cones and ____ ratio of photoreceptors to ganglion.

Lower ratio Better at resolving fine detail

Contents of the suboccipital triangle?

Occipital artery Vertebral artery Greater occipital nerve Suboccipital nerve

Smooth and cardiac muscle innervation, blood vessels, glands, and internal organ innervation

Visceral motor (parasympathetic)

Pain with bell’s palsy in the outer ear in the affected division of the ear is from?

Trigeminal neuralgia, due to CN’s V, VII, IX, X

Where are golgi tendon organs located?

Muscle tendons or connective tissue attachments

Irregular waveforms are perceived as

Noise

What is another name for the auditory tube?

Eustachian tube

Somatic sensory to the outer ear is innervated by?

V, VII, IX, X

Type of ciliary smooth muscle fiber that functions like a sphincter, when contracting, they decrease diameter, and release tension.

Circular fibers

A bleed into the potential space between the dura and arachnoid. Bleeding often slow.

Subdural hematoma

Three ways for small molecules to pass through the choroid capillary endothelium

Diffusion thru endothelial cell membranes Diffusion through fenestrations Pinocytosis

Clinical significance of the buccinator muscle

Patient’s w/ bell’s palsy have difficulty eating food and will drool due to defects in buccinator.

Two parts of the vestibular labyrinth that are interconnected by fluid filled passages

Otolith organs Semicircular canal

Cranial nerve for vision

The branchial pouch that forms the inferior parathyroid gland as well as the thymus gland

Branchial pouch 3

What muscles must you contract to perform valsalva maneuver (at level of rima glottidis)

Lateral crico-arytenoid to rotate medially and partially close Arytenoideus to slide arytenoids and fully close.

Type of hematoma from a tear or aneurysm in the cerebral artery or cerebral vein.

Subarachnoid hematoma

Most important landmark in neck?

Sternocleidomastoid

Norepinephrine binds to which type of receptor?

Adrenergic

Types of adrenergic receptors that will cause smooth muscle contraction?

Alpha 1 and alpha 2

The pterygopalatine ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic actions of which cranial nerves and innervates which structures?

VII Lacrimal gland and mucous glands of the oral and nasal cavities and the palate

Branchial pouch that forms the superior parathyroid and also the c-cells (calcitonin) of the thyroid

Pouch 4

Depressor labii Inferioris

Depresses lower lip.

Branchial fistulas are where in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

4 small bodies on each side, posterior to or within the thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

Tonsil

Cerebellum

Lower edge of the quadrangular membrane

Vestibular ligament (false focal cords)

What movement does the epicranial aponeurosis allow ?

Anterior and posterior movement.

The otolith organs (utricle and saccule) are sensitive to

Linear acceleration

Low frequency sound waves will move the basilar membrane

Further up the membrane

What do the ossicles of the middle ear acting as a lever do to sound

Transforms the larger amplitude, lower frequency vibrations of air into smaller amplitude, higher force vibrations of fluid of the inner ear.

What is the medical term for tube through the tympanic membrane?

Tympanostomy

Peripheral retina has high ___

Rods, more sensitive to low light

Engorgement of the retinal veins

Papilledema

Connections of falx cerebri?

Anterior -> crista galli of ethmoid Posterior -> blends into tentorium cerebelli

Part 1 of the subclavian artery is ____ to the scalenus anterior?

Medial

Sinus located in the upper border of falx cerebri. Anterior goes to foramen cecum posterior to transverse sinus. Communicates laterally w venous lacunae.

Superior sagittal sinus

The upper free edge of conus

Vocal ligaments

Perilymph resembles the makeup of

Cerebrospinal fluid

Loud sounds cause the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles to contract, increasing the rigidity of the ossicles and reducing sound conduction to the inner ear

Attenuation reflex

Innervation to Voluntary skeletal muscles (derived from somites)

Somatic motor nerves

Origin: stapedius

Posterior wall

Muscle that contains sense organ

Homonymous muscle

Type of ganglion cell that is 90% of all ganglions. It is able to differentiate in fine detail. Also has specificity to wavelengths. Sustained adaptation.

Parvocellular

Palpebral

Eyelid

Complex waveforms with regular patterns are perceived as

Musical sounds

External auditory meatus is ____ in children and ______ in adults

Straight Curved

Venous drainage from the head all meets into the ?

Right IJ and Left IJ

Difference between diploic veins and emissary veins?

Diploic veins go from diploe layer of bones of calvarium into the venous sinuses in brain. Emissary veins go from the scalp, transverse the calvarium and into the venous sinuses in brian.

Periosteum of outer side of calvarium

Pericranium

Blocking CN VII does what to lacrimal duct?

Decreases production of tears

Inward movement of the oval window results in

A downward movement of reissner’s membrane, downward movement of the endolymph filling the scala media, and downward movement of the basialr membrane

Things that are only innervated by sympathetics

Sweat glands Peripheral blood vessels

Test in which the tuning fork is placed on the calvarium, and will cause a vibration directly in the cochlea and the patient will perceive it as sound

Weber test

Action: frontalis

Moves scalp. Raise eyebrows

What are the attachments of the epicranial aponeurosis?

Laterally to the temporal fascia Frontalis muscle Occipitalis muscle. Tightly attaches to the skin and CT above it.

The 2 pyramidal shaped cartilages of the larynx that form a synovial joint with the cricoid.

Arytenoid

Cervical sinus is normally obliterated during development. If it persists and connects to the skin this is called ?

Branchial cyst fistula. Found anterior to the sternocleidomastoid

Type of edema. Decreased ATP from metabolic poisoning, hypoxia, anoxia, or ischemia causes failure of fluid balance (Na/K atpase for example) this leads to increased osmotic pressure and influx of water from extracellular to intracellular. This damages the cells.

Cytotoxic edema

The orientation of this makes it most sensitive to acceleration in the horizontal plane (front-back and left-right)

Utricular macula

The process through which the refractive power of the lens is changed

Accomodation

The bending of light ways at an angled interface

Refraction

Upper motor neuron damage shown in babinski reflex

Extension of big toe (dorsiflexion)

Peak incidence of otitis media?

5 years old

Dorsal ramus C1, motor to suboccipital muscles, | Found in suboccipital triangle

Suboccipital nerve

Sinus in middle cranial fossa. On side of the body of sphenoid bone. Receives blood from sup and inf opthalmic veins, cerebral veins Drains to sup and inf petrosal sinus

Cavernous sinus

The distance between a convex lens at which parallel light rays converge

Focal length

Muscles innervated by the abducens?

Lateral rectus

Zygomaticus (major and minor)

Raise upper lip and pull laterally

Roles of the pigmented epithelium

Absorb excess light to prevent scattering and keep image sharp Renew photopigments Phagocytose photoreceptor disks

What are the two functions of the larynx?

Sound production. Closes respiratory system

How might you treat a prolonged otitis media?

Tympanostomy. (Tube through the tympanic membrane)

Pressure waves which are too low in frequency for humans to perceive

Infrasound

An abnormal mass of blood outside a blood vessel

Hematoma

Apical borders are joined by _____ which prevent diffusion through spaces between cells

Tight junctions

Gelatinous fluid of the eye which is composed primarily of elongated proteoglycans

Vitreous humor

What type of innervation is responsible for the imprecise localization of pain in middle ear infections?

Cranial nerve IX, visceral sensory

Sinus at the junction of falx cerebri and tentorium

Straight sinus

Damage to the medial rectus (CN III) causes what?

Lateral strabismus (wall eyed)

What passes between the scalenus anterior and scalenus medial

Brachial plexus, SUbclavian A.

What intraocular pressure levels are concerning for, if maintained, developing glaucoma

Pressures over 20mm Hg

Blood leaks out of a weakened or diseased vessel into the brain

Hemorrhagic stroke

Clinical test for bells palsy involving occipitalis

Raise eyebrows

Twisted neck

Torticollis

In the dark, this current holds the photoreceptor membrane at a relatively depolarized membrane potential

Dark current

Abnormal tissue growth in the middle ear

Otosclerosis

Do the veins of the face have valves?

Normal flexion for babinski reflex test

Plantar flexion of big toe

Upper part forms inferior parathyroid gland; lower part forms thymus gland

Pouch 3

An infection from the head (tonsillitis) can spread to the mediastinum through what?

The retropharyngeal space. (Lies between the prevertebral fascia and the pretracheal fascia)

Where is CSF made

Choroid plexus

Two places for popcorn to lodge

Valleculae Piriform recess

Branch of cervical plexus that innervates the skin over the parotid, inferior to the ear

Great auricular (C2, C3)

Ectodermal clefts between adjacent branchial arches

Branchial grooves

Take pulse of carotid artery at ?

Upper border of thyroid. Cartilage

Damage to abducens N (VI) causes what?

Medial strabismus (cross-eyed) due to damage/ paralysis of the lateral rectus

What courses on scalenus anterior?

Phrenic Nerve

Action: compressor nares

Compresses nasal cartilages

During constant velocity rotation, vestibular output does what?

Adapt

Swelling of pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) will cause

Nasally voice

Cranial nerve for smell

An obstruction of the tarsal glands in the tarsal plate

Chalazion

Damage to CN III or the smooth muscle sympathetic parts of the leevator palpebae superioris muscle/

Eyelid droop

Action of superior rectus

Raise, adduct, medially rotate

hearing loss as a result of problems with the inner ear (nerve damage for example )

Sensorineural hearing loss

The orientation of this makes it most sensitive to acceleration in the vertical plane (up-down and left-right)

Saccular macula

Action: mentalis

Wrinkles skin of chin.

What causes reduced scattering of light and therefore better visual acuity at the fovea?

Lateral displacedment of the non-photoreceptor cells

What relation does the image on the retina have compared to that of the external world?

The image formed on the retina is both inverted and reversed in comparison to the outside world

Extracellular fluid that bathes the basolateral membrane of hair cells

Perilymph

Depth of field is greatest when pupil diameter is _____

Smallest

Basolateral surface of choroid plexus epithelial cells faces ?

The capillaries

The posterior portion of the subclavian artery has which trunk that comes from it and what branches from that trunk?

Costocervical trunk -> Superior intercostal artery (gives blood to first 2 intercostal spaces) Deep cervical A. (Gives blood to deep neck )

What is the concern for patient’s with facial paralysis which makes them unable to use their orbicularis oculi

These patient’s are unable to close their eyelids. They then have dried eyes and become at risk for corneal abrasions. In newborns, the eye is often sewn shut to keep protected.

Type of muscle spindle that signals muscle length, movement, and velocity. (Sensitivities adjusted by gamma motor neurons)

Muscle spindlees

Connects the spinal nerve and sympathetic ganglion

Communicating ramus

Blood supply to brain?

Vertebral artery | Internal carotid artery

The strength of the graded potential is encoded by the amplitude of the potential

Amplitude modulation

The sensory epithelium for the utricle and saccula

Macula

A structure with a complete ring of cartilage. Has a narrow arch anteriorly and a large lamina posteriorly

Cricoid cartilage

Inward blood-facing

Luminal

Degree of bending in refraction is a function of two things?

1. Ratio of the two refractive indices | 2. The angle between the interface and entering wave front

Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve will leave only this muscle of the larynx functional

Cricothyroid m.

Runs along the internal jugular vein, receives lymph from all above nodes

Deep cervical chain

Place at macula where hair cell orientation abruptly reverses

Striola

Where can the internal jugular vein be accessed for intravenous catheterization?

Landmark for needle insertion is between the sternal and clavicular heads of the sternocleidomastoid

A lens that bends light in only one plane

Cylindrical lens

Parasympathetic innervation leading to erection and sympathetic innervation leading to ejaculation is an example of what?

Synergists effects.

Branchial pouch which forms the lining of the palatine tonsils

Branchial pouch 2

_____ binds to adrenergic receptors

Norepinephrine

Perilymph is high in ____ and low in _____

Sodium Potassium

Fourth layer that light passes to. Has the synapse of photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells

Outer plexiform layer

Stabilizes the brain by splitting the two hemispheres Also allows for space for the venous sinus

Falx cerebri

Inflammation of conjuctiva

Conjuctivitis

Part of autonomic nervous system that leads to ejaculation in males?

Sympathetic nervous system

Produced by activating golgi tendon organs - aids in regulating muscle tension, prevents damage to tendon, bone

Autogenic inhibition

Fuses to dura posteriorly, fuses to cornea anteriorly

Sclera

What muscle causes patient’s w bell’s palsy to have difficulty chewing and with drooling?

Buccinator muscle.

Shape of hematoma for subdural hematoma on imaging?

Crescent shaped

Confluens of sinuses

Location at which the straight sinus can join the superior sagittal sinus

Nerves that pass through the suboccipital triangle

Suboccipital nerve Greater occipital nerve

Other than the amount of light entering the eye, the pupil diameter also controls what?

The depth of focus produced by the eye

Tentorial notch

Opening for the brainstem

Muscles innervated by the trochlear nerve

Superior oblique

What is the role of the transverse ligament of the atlas?

Holds the dens anteriorly, but allows it to rotate

Action of the superior rectus;

Adduct, raise, medially rotate eye

Patellar tendon reflex tests for sensory and motor function of ?

L2, L3, L4

Lymphatics that drain to the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct

Jugular lymph trunk

The compartment of the neck that can change shape, move in speaking and swallowing

Anterior compartment

Site where you change from precise somatic sensory innervation of the oral cavity to imprecise visceral sensory of the pharynx

Palatoglossal arch

Origin of inferior oblique

Floor of orbit

Action of superior oblique?

Abduct, lower, and medially rotate the eye

Teeth attachments Teeth sockets

Alveolar process

Loosely connects the epicranial aponeurosis to the periosteum of the skull. Crossed by emissary veins.

Loose areolar tissue

A single target cell integrates diverse information from many presynaptic neurons

Convergence

Type of calcium-activated potassium channel which is activated by calcium ion influx during a single action potential

Fast-calcium—activated potassium channels

Membrane that connects the cricoid to the first tracheal cartilages`

Cricotracheal membrane

The basolateral surfaces of choroid plexus epithelial cells contains?

Interdigitations

Elongates into tubotympanic recess; forms auditory tube and tympanic cavity

Pouch 1

Dorsal ramus c2 . Sensory innervation to skin of back of neck.

Greater occipital nerve

What are the three branches of the thyrocervical trunk (which comes off of the medial branch of the subclavian artery)?

Suprascapular a. Inferior thyroid a. Transverse cervical a.

The structural and functional specializations of the brain capillaries endothelium are induced by trophic factors released from the processes of _

Asrocytes, adjacent to capillaries.

What movement of cilia of hair cells further depolarizes the membrane by opening more mechanically gated ion channels

Moving cilia towards tallest cilium

Action of inferior oblique

Raise, abduct, laterally rotate

Skull fx in pterion region clinically significant for?

High risk of epidural hematoma

Auditory hair cells lack what in comparison to vestibular hair cells?

The tall kinocilium

What movements does the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages allow for?

Swivel (rotation) Sliding (abduction and adduction)

Structures that develop that are similar in origin to the gills of fish

Branchial arches

So much light that the response of rods totally saturates, and they are no longer able to detect a change in light

Photopic vision.

Type of muscle receptor that signals force

Golgi tendon organ

Orbicularis oculi (action_

Orbital part - Surrounds eyelid and buries the eyelid Palpebral part - closes eyelid (this is located w/in the eyelid)

The anterior wall of the middle ear is what?

Auditory tube (anterior 2/3) and bone (posterior 1/3)

Three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

Opthalmic division Maxillary division Mandibular division

Imprecise localization of sensation

Visceral sensory

Muscle that produces opposite action

Antagonist muscle

Contracture of the sternocleidomastoid (congenital or acquired. Turns head to the oposite side

Torticollis

The first branchial groove forms the

External auditory meatus

What three structures are contained in the carotid sheath?

Internal and common carotid arteries Internal jugular veins Vagus nerves

Uncontrolled activation of reverberating circuits in the brain can cause?

Seizures

The hair cells in the canal toward which the head is rotating are ______

Depolarized

Visual inspection of the optic nerve and optic disk

Opthalmoscopy

What passes between the superior and middle constrictor muscle?

Glossopharyngeal N. (IX) Stylopharyngeus

Veins that are inside the cranial cavity and drain blood from the surface of the brain to the sinus cavities.

Bridging veins

Type of edema caused by elevated hydrostatic pressure in the plasma which leads to fluid being pushed into the CNS. Can be from malignant hypertension. Can lead to herniation and compression of vessles

Hydrostatic hypertension

Superior parathyroid gland comes from

4th branchial pouch

Tense or relax the vocal cords

Thyroid and cricoid

Muscles that can move the head and neck are what compartment of the neck?

Posterior compartment

Hoffman Reflex test?

Flick middle finger

Pupil constriction, or miosis, is what type of innervation control?

Parasympathetic autonomic.

Acetylcholine binds to which type of receptor???

Cholinergic

Branches of the facial nerve

``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical ```

Branches of the facial artery?

Superior labial artery Inferior labial artery Angular artery

Condition in which vertical and horizontal light planes focus at different lengths due to the uneven curvature of the cornea

Astigmatism

Innervation to the scalp

Branches of trigeminal nerves: supratrochlear, supraorbital, V(1) zygomaticotemporal (V2), auriculotemporal (V3) Cervical spinal nerves : greater occipital nerve (dorsal ramus c2), lesser occipital nerve (ventral ramus C2)

Last layer light reaches in the retina. | Transduction occurs here

Photoreceptor outer segments

These produce activities in motor neurons and can generate rhythmic behaviors.

Pattern generator

Failure of fusion of medial nasal processes w maxillary process on that side. Can be unilateral or bilateral

Cleft lip

The balance of the secretion of and reabsorption of this substance will determine the intraocular pressure

Aqueous humor

Sites of CSF. Reabsorption

Arachnoid villi

Dyschromatopsia

Color blindness

Type of cholinergic receptor that is usually only excitatory?

Nicotinic

Thyroid sx watch out for

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Upper motor neuron damage in Hoffman Reflex

Flex fingers

Pupil dilation or mydriasis is what type of innervation?

Sympathetic

Responses to decreased temperature (done in the caudal hypothalamus)

Peripheral vasoconstriction Decreased sweating Contract arrector pilae muscles Shivering

Blood clot stops flow of blood into an area of the brain

Ischemic stroke

Region behind oral and nasal cavities

Pharynx

Ligament from the dens to the occipital bone which prevents excessive rotation

Alar “check” ligaments

At which vertebra does the carotid artery bifurcate?

Glossopharyngeal nerve provides parasympathetic visceral motor innervation to?

Parotid gland

Calcium channels that require strong depolarization for their activation. Typically this type of depolarization is achieved only during action potential

High voltage-activated (HVA)

The left common carotid artery comes from?

The arch of the aorta

Type of ganglion which is less prevalent (around 5%), but is able to detect quick changes in movement and has a very fast transduction time with transient adaptation. Has no wavelength sensitivity

Magnocellular

Levator anguli oris , action

Raise corner of mouth

A tube of muscles and fascia that opens to the nasal and oral cavities

Pharynx

Free flowing fluid of the eye

Aqueous humor

Action infrahyoid muscles

Lower hyoid

Can transmit infection for scalp to brain via ?

Emissary veins

First layer that light reaches in the ganglion. Where axons of retinal ganglion cells come together to form optic nerve

Ganglion cell layer

Produced by activating cutaneous, pain afferents - avoid obstacle or painful stimulus

Flexion reflex

Part of autonomic nervous system that leads to erection in males

Parasympathetic nervous system

Why does frequency of otitis media likely decrease in adults in comparison to children?

The orientation of the auditory tube changes with age. From horizontal in children to more diagonal in adults. Also there is a wider lumen in adults.

A patient that has only a hoarse voice or whisper after thyroid surgery likely has suffered damage to what nerve?

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Right common carotid artery comes from ?

The brachiocephalic trunk

Where branches of C1 that run with the CN XII branch off in the neck to join in with C2 and C3 nerves.

Ansa cervicalis

Eye is considered to be normal if parallel rays of light from distant objects are in sharp focus on the retina when the ciliary muscle is completely relaxed

Emmetropic

Action = occipitalis

Move scalp.

Abnormal response to Glabellar Reflex

Close eyes, continues on repetition

Type of edema caused by increased ISF protein concentration secondary to TBI, hemorrhage, infections, infact, tumor, or inflammation. Osmotic imbalance leads to water entering ISF and increasing ICP. Labs will show elevated proteins in CSF from Spinal tap. Can lead to herniation.

Vasogenic edema

This helps to keep tears in the eye and keep tears from evaporating.

Tarsal plate

When bilateral small pupils will constrict when an object is moved close to them, but not when they are shone into with a bright light.

Agryll Roberston Pupil

Thyroglossal duct cysts are where ?

Midline

Opthalmic artery arises from ?

Carotid siphon

What passes between the superior constrictor muscle and the skull>

Auditory tube Levator veli palati muscle

When the branchial sinus drains out of the neck instead of normal

Branchial fistula

Second layer in retina that eye reaches. Synapse between bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells

Inner plexiform layer

Normal response to Glabellar Reflex (tap forehead)

Close eyes. Reflex stops with repetition.

Series of abnormal, rapidly alternating contractions and relaxations of muscle produced by single stimulus

Clonus

Stereotyped motor response to a specific sensory stimulus

Reflex

Common vessel torn in subdural hematoma

Bridging vein / sinus. | Bleeding Slow

Connects the anterior eye to the nasal cavity. Drains tears. Forms in development as a solid epithelial cord that extends from medial angle of eye to the nasal cavity; cord becomes canalized to form duct.

Nasolacrimal duct.

Pressure waves that are too high in frequency for humans to perceive

Ultrasound

The apical surfaces of the choroid plexus epithelial cells contains?

Tight junctions and microvilli

In damage to the trochlear nerve, what clinical sign will you see in patient’s at rest?

Head tilt - at rest, patient tilts head to the opposite side. (This is to compensate for unilateral eye rotation)

What does the right common carotid artery branch off of?

Brachiocephalic artery

Levator labii superioris

Raise upper lip

Action: depressor labii

Depresses lower lip

Distance behind a convex lens at which a parallel light ray will converge

Focal length

Muscle that produces similar action

Synergist muscle

Action: procerus

Wrinkles skin of nose

The damage to this nerve, which is possible in thyroid surgery, will cause paralysis of all muscles of one side of the larynx except for cricothyroid m.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Structures in the anterior triangle in the neck are related to the

Carotid arteries

Inhibition of a inhibitory neuron, has net excitatory effect

Disinhibition

Normal rate of secretion of aqueous humor

3-4mL / day

Posterior side of the posterior compartemtn has ?

Deep muscles, extensors, and suboccipital muscles

Bleeding between dura and bone

Epidural hematoma

In the craniovertebral ligament, the posterior longitudinal ligament becomes the

Membrana tectoria (C2- occipital )

Anterior side of posterior group of neck muscles has what?

Prevertebral muscles, which liay directly anterior to the vertebrae and function in flexing the head and neck

Action, tensor tympani m.

Tenses tympanic membrane

Ptosis

Eyelid droop

Uncus

Temporal lobe

Glosso

Tongue

Rod shaped cartilage of the larynx that are above the corniculate cartilages

Cuneiform cartilage

In most cases in the body, the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system act in which way?

Antagonistically

Blocked VIII cranial nerve ->

No hearing

Action of the medial rectus

Adduct eye

Platysma, action

Stretches skin of neck

The three possible stimuli that can elicit hair cell response.

Linear acceleration Rotation acceleration Sound pressure waves

Fibrous CT joints in skull

Sutures

The membrane that connects the larynx to the hyoid

Thyrohyoid membrane

The direction in which light travels is always perpendicular to the plane of its wave front

Bending of light

Pressure or irritation to cranial nerve VII does what to the lacrimal duct?

Excessive tears

Action of lateral rectus

Abduct eye

The degree to which objects in front of or behind the point of visual fixation remain in focus

Depth of field

(Farsightedness) an eyeball that is too short, or a lens system that is too weak

Hyperopia

Skin infections where are most dangerous in terms of leading to cavernous sinus infection and eventually to diplopia

Skin infections that are lateral to the nose

Three bones that make up the zygomatic arch

``` Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone (zygomatic process) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) ```

Innervation: stapedius

VII | Bell’s palsy in play

Where do lacrimal ducts open up at ?

Through the conjunctiva to the superior fornix

Carotid sheath is the

Lateral compartment

Cranial nerve affected in Bell’s Palsy

VII | Facial nerve

Hearing loss that is a result of damage to the tympanic membrane or auditory ossicles

Conductive hearing loss

In Horner’s Syndrome, the pupil is ___ because of paralysis to ____?

Constricted Pupillary dilator muscle.

Muscles innervated by the occulomotor nerve?

``` Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Inferior oblique Levator palpebrae superioris ```

The glossopharyngeal nerve branches into the tympanic nerve which becomes the tympanic plexus and provides visceral sensory innervation to what?

Mastoid sinus, middle ear, auditory tube

Nerve of the cervical plexus that gives cut innervation to behind the ear

Lesser occipital (c2)

Facial muscles take origin from the

Underlying bones

Thickened midline part of the thyrohyoid membrane

Median thyrohyoid ligament

Which processes fail to fuse in cleft lip?

Medial nasal process And Maxillary process

Division of the autonomic nervous system whose role is to mobilize the body’s resources in response to stress.

Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

What type of innervation is responsible for the imprecise localization when choking?

Visceral sensory nerve. From VII (nasopharynx) IX (oropharynx), X (laryngopharynx)

Assessment of vision loss in specific areas of visual space

Visual field testing

What equalizes air pressure in ear when swallowing?

Eustachian tube

Obstruction to flow of CSF w/in the aquaduct

Common cause of hydrocephalus

Mid point of lambdoidal suture

Lambda

action of inferior rectus

Adduct, lower, and laterally rotate the eye

Lateral wall of the middle ear is the ?

Tympanic membrane

Artery that enters the skull thru the carotid canal and foramen lacerum

Internal carotid artery

Bones that make up the medial wall of the orbit ?

Frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary, and sphenoid bones.

Interneurons that receive excitatory inputs from recurrent branches of motor neurons and make inhibitory synapses upon the same motor neurons

Renshaw cells

CT continuous with the periosteum of orbit (periorbita)

Orbital septum

Soft spongy bone which is the middle layer of the skull

Diploe

Choroid plexus secretes CSF into

Ventricle space

Structures in the anterior compartment of the neck ?

Pharynx, larynx, esophagus

Damage to inner ear causes

Sensorineural hearing loss

These cells correct local ion imbalances in ISF by uptake and resdistribution of ions into CSF or plasma

Astrocytes

Produced by activating muscle spindles, contributes to maintaining postural stability, countering sudden loads

Stretch reflex

Branchial pouch that forms the tubotympanic recess and the auditory tube and the tympanic cavity

Branchial pouch 1

Sinus in falx cerebri, drains to confluens.

Occipital sinus

Loop

Ansa cervicalis

Two synovial joints of the larynx

Thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

The semicircular canals are sensitive to

Rotational acceleration

Roof boundary of the middle ear. Thin plate of petrous part of temporal bones; separates from middle cranial fossa

Tegmen tympani

S - shaped continuation of the transverse sinus. Ends in jugular foramen. Forms internal jugular vein

Sigmoid sinus

How can a prolonged ear infection spread to the brain?

Through the tegmen tympani

Type of edema that is caused by lessened osmotic pressure in the plasma than in the blood-brain and blood-csf barriers. This causes increeased fluid in the CNS. Can lead to herniation. Common causes are hyponatremia and excessive H2O intake or excessive hypotonic IV intake.

Osmotic edema

Origin of superior oblique

Nose, acts thru a pulley like muscle

The ratio of the velocity of light in air to the velocity of light in a particular substance

Refractive index

Diaphragma sella is a circular fold over sella turcica and has an opening for the ?

Stalk of pituitary

5th layer light reaches in the retina. Contains the body of the photoreceptors

Outer nuclear layer

Type of autonomic nervous system w the ganglia close to the target organ

Parasympathetic

In the craniovertebral joint, the ligamentum flava becomes the

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane (C1 - occipital )

Lateral side of posterior group of neck muscles has what?

Scalene muscles Flex the neck laterally

Sinus in lower border of falx cerebri

Inferior sagittal sinus

Location of the pituitary gland

Sella turcica

What structure does the thyroid cartilage come in contact with to form a synovial hinge joint?

Cricoid cartilage

What are the 3 main branches of the 1st part of the subclavian artery (medial part)

Vertebral artery. Internal thoracic artery Thyrocervical trunk

Third layer that light reaches. Contains the bodies of bipolar, amacrine and horizontal cells

Inner nuclear layer

This is a type of ganglion cell which is able to differentiate between either red and green or yellow and blue in between the center and the surround

Color-opponent cells

Responses to increased temperature (done by the hypothalamus/preoptic area)

Peripheral vasodilation Increased sweating Water and electrolyte retention

Mid point of coronal suture

Bregma

Measure angle between iris and cornea

Gonioscopy

In general, decreased stretch reflexes indicate _____ motor neuron disorders

Lower

Two mechanisms of impedance matching

Surface area difference in oval window and tympanic membrane Ossicles of middle ear act as a lever

Small separation of cerebellar hemispheres along the posterior cranial fossa wall

Falx cerebelli

Imprecise sensation sensory from gut, blood vessels, glands, internal organs, in head, pharynx which rostral end of gut. (Innervation)

Visceral sensory nerve

Where does the crvical plexus arise?

Posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Carbonate crystals

Otoliths or otoconia

Type of ciliary smooth muscle which extends anteriorly to the corneoscleral junction. When they contract, the lens ligaments are pulled medially and forward, releasing some tension on the lens

Meridional fibers

Common vessel torn in epidural hematomas

Middle meningeal artery | Fast bleeding

Facial muscles insert into?

Skin

Action of suprahyoid muscles

Elevate hyoid

Set of barriers that separates the CNS from the rest of the body

Arachnoid membrane, Choroid plexus and epithelium, CNS capillary endothelium

Type of glaucoma with rapid increase in IOP requiring immediate medical attention

Angle closure glaucoma

Course of tears?

Lacrimal gland, thru the conjuctiva to the superior fornix, to the lacrimal puncta, to the lacrimal sac to the lasolacrimal duct to the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

Vocal ligaments are longer in ?

Males (due to longer laryngeal prominence

Structures in the posterior triangle of neck are related to the?

Subclavian artery and the brachial plexus

Risorius ; action

Smiling muscle

In semicircular canals, the movement of the endolymph relative to the head bends the ____ and the ____ imbedded with it?

Cupula Cilia

Failure of fusion of the medial nasal process and the maxillary process in development causes?

Cleft lip. (At philtrum of upper lip)

Branch of the cervical plexus that provides innervation to the skin of the lower neck and the shoulder

Supraclavicular N. (C3 c4)

Part 2 of the subclavian artery is _____ to the scalenus anterior

Posterior

Type of autonomic nervous system with the ganglia close to the vertebrae

Sympathetic

Level of illumination where both rods and cones are responding

Mesopic vision

_____ binds to cholinergic receptors

Acetylcholine

Can be used to access superior sagittal venous sinus in neonates

Anterior fontanelle

Open and close larynx with the

Cricoid and arytenoid joint

Forms epithelial lining of crypts of palatine tonsils

Pouch 2

Parasympathetics are where?

Craniosacral Head and head

Allows for recruitment of many cells and promotes the smooth coordination of effectors by amplification of signal

Divergence

Cranial nerves that make up the somatic sensory neurons ?

V, VII, IX, X

Near the hypophyseal region, or situated or occuring near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth

Rostral

A shield shaped cartilage with a lesser and lower horns (makes part of larynx)

Thyroid cartilage

Artery that courses outside of the dura to supply. The calvarium

Middle meningeal A.

Type of cholinergic receptor that can be either excitatory or inhibitory?

Muscarinic

A tough smooth white fibroelastic CT layer, surrounds the eye, pierced by vessels and nerves. Function in maintaining eye shape and the attachement of muscles

Sclera

In general, increased stretch reflexes indicate _____ motor neuron syndromes

Upper

What does the left common carotid artery branch off of?

Arch of aorta

Branches of the internal carotid artery?

Branches to brain Opthalmic artery

Forms a roof of posterior cranial fossa

Tentorium cerebelli

Push cerebellum through the foramen magnum

Tonsillar herniation

The membrane that connects the epilgottis to the arytenoid

Quadrangular membrane

Blood-CSF barrier is created by tight junctions amongst

Choroid plexus epithelium cells

Laryngeal prominence makes

Adams apple

Types of adrenergic receptors which will lead to smooth muscle relaxation?

Beta-1 and Beta-2

Drugs used to prevent glaucoma by decreasing output of intraocular fluid

B-blockers B-adrenergic receptor antagonists Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A cloudy or opaque area in the lens which must be treated by the surgical removal of the lens

Cataract

Action of inferior oblique

Abduct, raise, and laterally rotate eye

Action: buccinator

Chewing muscle. Keeps food in between teeth when chewing. Compresses mouth

Type of glaucoma with a large iris-corneal angle(tested by gonioscopy). Slow, gradual increase in IOP. Intraocular fluid partially blocked in trabecular network

Open-angle glaucoma

The larynx cartilage joint that permits the sliding and swiveling of the larynx. Will permit closure of the the larynx or the opening of the larynx

Arytenoid and cricoid

Damage to the ocular nerve

Glaucoma

Pulse taken at the angle of the mandible?

Facial artery

Where do middle ear infections typically start?

They start in the respiratory system, go from the nasopharynx to the auditory tube which feeds into the middle ear.

Nerve that runs anterior to the anterior scalene and posterior to the sternocleidomastoid

Phrenic nerve

Pupil dilation

Mydriasis

Action: orbicularis oris

Closes mouth (surrounds the lips

Innervation of tensor tympani muscle

V-3 Trigeminal, branch 3

A cartilage of the larynx, nodules that are above the arytenoids that go through the aryepiglottic folds

Corniculate

A lens that causes parallel rays to converge

Convex lens

What ligaments make up the cruciate ligament of the vertebrocranial joint/

Transverse ligament of atlas Superior band to occipital bone Inferior band to body of C2

Variation of lateral inhibition where inhibitory portion of receptive field completely surrounds the excitatory portion of the receptive field.

Surround inhibition

The neural crest cells that invade the head and neck lateral to the rostral part of the foregut make the

Pharynx

Branches of the opthalmic artery?

Supraorbital artery | Supratrochlear artery

Folds between the medial and lateral glossoepiglottic folds that are common locations for food and objects to become lodged

Valleculae

Caused by an eyeball that is too long or a lens system that is too strong (nearsightedness)

Myopia

What movement of cilia of hair cells closes the baseline-opened mechanical gated cation channels, hyperpolarizing the cell?

Movement of cilia away from tallest cilium

Endolymph is ___ in Na and ____ in potassium

Low High

A tube of muscles and fascia that opens to the nasal and oral cavities

Dpharynx

A c - shaped turn of the internal carotid artery

Carotid siphon

Opening between vocal ligaments

Rima glottidis

Types of neurons found only in cranial nerves

``` Special senses (vision hearin, balance) Chemical senses (taste and smell) Brachiomotor (voluntary skeletal muscles from brachial arches) ```

Calcification of arachnoid villi

Common in elderly. Can cause hydrocephalus due to decreased reabsorption of CSF

Pupil unable to constrict into response to light, which is indicative of a catastrophic stroke, herniation, etc..

Blown pupil (mydriasis)

Submental, submandibular, buccal, parotid, retroauricular, and occipital nodes

Superficial ring

The fibrous CT skeleton of the upper eyelid. (Deep to the orbital septum)

Tarsal plate

Allows recruitment of many cells and promotes smooth coordination of effectors by amplification of the signal

Divergence

Consecutive stages of ____ allow a single cell to influence many target sells

Divergence

Common in input stages of the nervous system

Divergence

A single target cell integrates diverse infor from many presynaptic neurons

Convergence

Common in output stages of nervous system

Convergence

Consecutive stages of _____ allow a single neuron to integrate many sources of info into a final output

Convergence

Enhances the effectiveness of the active pathway by suppressing output from the antagonistic pathway

Feedforward inhibition

Reverberating circuits are constructed from feedforward and feedback _____ connections

Excitatory

These are constructed from feedforward and feed back excitatory connections and allow for persistent activity in a system

Reverberating circuits

Uncontrolled activation of ____ ____ in the brain can cause seizures

Reverberating circuits

Graded potential strength of signal is dependent on ?

Amplitude of the potential

Strenth of signal for action potentials is determined by ?

Frequency of signal

Waveform frequency

Pitch

Waveform shape

Tone

Waveform amplitude

Loudness

Loudness is measured in __

Decibels

Contributes to localization of sound differing in vertical elevation

Localiztion

Latency period of the attenuation reflex is ___ which means?

50-100 milliseconds, so you are not protected against sudden loud sounds

Wide and floppy. Attuned for lower frequency

Apex

Narrow and stiff. Attuned for higher frequencies

Base

Branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: gives visceral sensory innervation to the larynx above the true vocal fold

Internal laryngeal nerve

Branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: gives branchiomotor innervation to the cricothyroid

External laryngeal nerve

Branch of vagus nerve that gives visceral sensory innervation to the larynx below the true vocal folds and branchiomotor to all muscles of larynx except for cricothyroid

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

In upper motor neuron lesions, tonus increases, resistance to stretch increases; if sufficient force is applied, limb resistance suddenly decreases

Clasped knife reflex.