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test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

hot and dry climate design

A

massive walls (time-lag effect), small windows, light colors

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2
Q

hot and humid climate design

A

MOVING AIR AND EVAPORATIVE COOLING:

large windows, large overhangs, shutters, light colored walls, high colored ceilings

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3
Q

mild overcast climates (PNW) design

A

open up to capture daylight: bay windows

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4
Q

cold climate design

A

HEAT RETENTION:

very compact, minimize surface to volume ratio, landforms, few windows, low ceilings

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5
Q

parasol roof

A

umbrella-like structure covering a building

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6
Q

sensible heat

A

measure of random molecular movement or heat - function of temperature and mass

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7
Q

latent heat

A

measure of heat in a change of state

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8
Q

heat of fusion (latent heat)

A

solid –> liquid

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9
Q

heat of vaporization (latent heat)

A

liquid –> gas

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10
Q

temperature

A

a measure of heat (energy)
freezing: 32F, 0C
boil: 212F, 100C
Absolute zero: 0K, -273C, -459F

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11
Q

BTU (british thermal unit)

A

heat required to elevation 1 pound of water 1F at 1atm

approx. 252 calories

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12
Q

calorie or Joule

A

heat required to elevate 1 gram of water 1C

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13
Q

Calorie

A

dietary calorie

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14
Q

evaporative cooling

A

cooling resulting from conversion of sensible heat into latent heat (heat of vaporization)

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15
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

law of conservation of energy - finite amount of energy in the universe, energy cannot be created or destroyed

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16
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

heat always moves from higher concentration to lower concentration

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17
Q

convection

A

heat transfer from movement of air

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18
Q

conduction

A

heat transfer from direct contact

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19
Q

radiation

A

heat based on electromagnetic radiation

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20
Q

conductivity

A

heat flow through 1sqft solid that is 1in thick

“k”

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21
Q

conductance

A

heat flow through 1sqft solid of a determined thickness

“C”

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22
Q

resistance

A

reciprocal of either conductivity “k” or conductance “C”
thermal resistance “R” tells effectiveness of thermal insulator
R (per inch) = 1/k or R (total) = 1/C
Greater “R” greater insulator

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23
Q

thermal transmittance

A

“U” - U = 1/ER (Heat flow coefficient)

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24
Q

mean radiant temperature

A

average temp of the radiant environment at a particular point in space
MRT = E (radiant temp)(angle of exposure)/360

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25
specific heat
heat required to elevate a material 1 degree (mass)
26
heat capacity
heat required to elevate a material 1 degree (volumetric)
27
green house effect
building scale: short wave infrared enters building through glazing and re-radiates long-wave global scale: transparent short wave infrared hits the earth and re-radiates long wave that is trapped by layers of greenhouse gases
28
solar constant
the amount and composition solar radiation reaching the outer edge of the earths atmosphere
29
axial tilt of the earth
23.5 degrees
30
summer solstice and winter solstice
June 21 and December 21
31
latitude of tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn
23.5 N and 23.5 S
32
spring and fall equinox dates
march 21 and september 21
33
altitude angle
vertical angle at which the suns rays strike the earth | alt angle = 90 degrees - latitude
34
sky dome
summer solstice - highest and longest sun path winter solstice - lowest and shortest sun path equinox - middle
35
azimuth
measured in a horizontal plane (from north south line)
36
hypothermia
excessive heat loss
37
hyperthermia
insufficient heat loss
38
metabolic rate
to maintain thermal equilibrium, our bodies must lose heat at the same rate at which the metabolic rate produces
39
conditions of thermal comfort
air temperature humidity air velocity mean radiant temperature
40
air temperature (thermal comfort)
68F in winter | 78F in summer
41
relative humidity (thermal comfort)
RH should be above 20% all year below 60% in summer below 80% in winter
42
air velocity (thermal comfort)
20 - 60 feet per minute
43
mean radiant temperature (thermal comfort)
average skin and clothing temp is around 85F | maintain MRT close to ambient air temp
44
shifts in comfort zone
high MRT - down and to the left high air velocity - up and to the right increased physical activity - down to the left
45
macroclimate
climatic region
46
microclimate
a local climate differing from the climatic region it is in
47
what affects a microclimate
elevation above sea level - steeper the slope the faster the temp will drop form of land - south facing slopes are warmer size, shape, and proximity of bodies of water soil types vegetation man-made structures
48
degree days
indicates the severity of winter and summer
49
Heating Degree Days (HDDs)
more than 5500 HDD per year = long cold winter | less than 2000 HDD per year = mild winters
50
Cooling Degree Days (CDDs)
more than 1500 per year = long hot summer | less than 500 = mild summers
51
passive solar techniques on vernacular buildings
"salt box" - south facing windows, long roof on north side to deflect winter winds
52
passive solar
system that collects, stores, and redistributes solar energy without use of fans, pumps, or controllers use basic building elements such as windows, floors, walls, heat-radiating elements
53
passive solar systems
direct gain trombe wall sun space
54
direct gain system
south facing windows and thermal mass
55
thermal storage (passive systems)
structural insulated panels, insulated masonry system, trombe wall
56
sun space design
desired because of heating efficiency and amenities | slope of glazing, area of glazing, vent size, thermal mass size
57
shading techniques on vernacular buildings
hot and humid climate: large windows (operable) and overhangs types: verandah, balcony, loggia, gallery, arcade, engawa
58
types of fixed shading devices
``` overhang overhang (horizontal panels) overhang (horizontal panels in vertical plane) overhang (vertical panel) vertical fins slanted vertical fins egg crate egg crate with slanted fins ```
59
types of movable shading devices
``` awning rotating horizontal louvers rotating fins egg crate - rotating horizontal louvers plants roller shade ```
60
envelope dominated building
large surface area to volume ratio affected by climate tend to have longer overheated periods
61
internally dominated building
compact, small surface area to volume ratio | large internal heat gain from machines, lights, people
62
solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)
measure of how much solar radiation enters a window (measured between 0.0 - 1.0; 0.0 being no radiation through the window)
63
types of passive cooling systems
comfort ventilation night flash cooling radiant cooling evaporative cooling
64
comfort ventilation
brings outdoor air, esp in daytime when temperatures are highest - air is passed directly over people to increase evaporative cooling on skin uses operable windows (20%), attic fans
65
radiant cooling
objects emit and absorb radiant energy - objects cool by radiation if the net flow is outward clear skies, low humidity, one-story buildings
66
evaporative cooling
draws a large amount of sensible heat from surroundings and converts into latent heat in form of water vapor

building systems II (2 decks)

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