Test #1

Question 1

The relationship among the world’s state governments and the connections of those relationships with other actors, with other social relationships, and with geographical and historical influences.

Answer 1

International Relations

Question 2

The problem of sharing interests versus conflicting interests among the members of a group.

Answer 2

Collective Action / Free Riding / Burden Sharing / The Tragedy of the Commons / Prisoner’s Dilemma

Question 3

The problem of how to provide something that benefits all members of a group regardless of what each member contributes to it.

Answer 3

Collective Goods Problem

Question 4

A principle for solving collective goods problems by imposing solutions hierarchically.

Answer 4

Dominance

Question 5

A principle for solving the collective goods problem by rewarding behaviour that contributes to the group and punishing behaviour that pursues self interest at the expense of the group.

Answer 5

Reciprocity

Question 6

A principle for solving collective goods problems by changing participants preferences based on their shared sense of belongings to a community.

Answer 6

Identity

Question 7

Distinct spheres of international activity ( such as global negotiations ) within which policy makers of various states face conflicts and sometimes achieve cooperation.

Answer 7

Issue Areas

Question 8

The types of actions that states take towards each other though time.

Answer 8

Conflict and Cooperation

Question 9

A subfiles of international relations that focuses on questions of war and peace.

Answer 9

International Security

Question 10

The study of the politics of trade, monetary, and other economic relations among nations, and their connection to other transnational forces.

Answer 10

International Political Economy

Question 11

A territorial entity controlled by a government and inhabited by a population.

Answer 11

State

Question 12

Head of government.

Answer 12

State Leader

Question 13

The set of relationships among the world’s states, structured by certain rules and patterns of interactions.

Answer 13

International System

Question 14

Most large nations; Nations whose populations share a sense of national identity, usually including a language and culture.

Answer 14

Nation States

Question 15

The size of a state’s total annual economic activity.

Answer 15

GDP ( Gross Domestic Product )

Question 16

Actors other than state governments that operate either below the level of the state or across state borders.

Answer 16

Non-Stae Actors

Question 17

Organization whose members are state governments.

Answer 17

Intergovernmental Organizations ( IGO’s )

Question 18

Private organizations that interact with states, multinational co-operations, other NGO’s and intergovernmental organizations.

Answer 18

Non-Governmental Organization (NGO’s)

Question 19

Companies that span multiple countries.

Answer 19

Multinational Corporations

Question 20

A perspective on IR based on a set of similar actors or processes that suggest possible explanations to “why” questions.

Answer 20

Levels of Analysis

Question 21

Concerns the perceptions, choice, and actions of individual human beings.

Answer 21

Individual Level

Question 22

Concerns the aggregations of individuals within states that influence state actions in the international arena.

Answer 22

Domestic Level

Question 23

Concerns the influence of the intentional system upon outcomes.

Answer 23

Interstate/ International / Systemic Level

Question 24

Seeks to explain international outcomes in terms of global trends and forces that transcend the interactions of states themselves.

Answer 24

Global Level

Question 25

The increasing integrations of the world in terms of communications, culture, and economics; May also refer to changing subjective experiences of space and time accompanying this process.

Answer 25

Globalization

Question 26

The disparity in resources between the industrialized relatively rich countries of the West and the poorer countries of Africa, the Middle East and much of Asia and Latin America.

Answer 26

North-South Gap

Question 27

An organisation established after WWI and a forerunner of today's United Nations; It achieved certain humanitarian and other successful successes but was weakened by the absence of US membership and by its own lack of effectiveness in ensuring collective security.

Answer 27

League of Nations

Question 28

A symbol of the failed policy of appeasement, this agreement, signed in 1938, allowed Nazi Germany to occupy a part of Czechoslovakia. Rather than appease German aspirations, it was followed by further German expansions; which triggered WWII.

Answer 28

Munich Agreement

Question 29

The hostile relations -punctuated by occasional periods of improvement, or détente - between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, from 1945 to 1990.

Answer 29

Cold War

Question 30

A policy adopted in the late 1940's by which the United States sought to halt the global expansion of Soviet influence on several levels - military, political, ideological and economic.

Answer 30

Containment

Question 31

A rift in the 1960's between the communists powers of the Soviet Union and China, fuelled by China's opposition to Soviet moves towards peaceful co-existence with the United Staes.

Answer 31

Sino-Soviet Split

Question 32

A meeting between heads of states, often referring to leaders or great powers, as in the Cold War superpower summits between the United States and the Soviet Union, or today's meetings of the group of twenty on economic coordination.

Answer 32

Summit Meeting

Question 33

A superpower crisis, sparked by the Soviet Union's installation of medium ranged nuclear missiles in Cuba, that marks the moment when the United Staes and the Soviet Union came closest to nuclear war.

Answer 33

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Question 34

Wars in the third world - often civil wars - in which the United Staes and the Soviet Union jockeyed for position by supplying and advising opposing factions.

Answer 34

Proxywars

Question 35

Neither side can prevent its own destruction in a nuclear war.

Answer 35

Strategic Party

Question 36

Supreme Authority.

Answer 36

Sovereignty

Question 37

Provides basis for order.

Answer 37

System

Question 38

A physical place ruled by the Caliph.

Answer 38

Caliphate

Question 39

A school of thought that explains international relations in terms of power.

Answer 39

Realism

Question 40

Emphasizes international law, mortality, and international organizations, rather than power alone, as key influences on international events.

Answer 40

Idealism

Question 41

The ability or potential to influence other behaviours, as measured by the possession of certain tangible and intangible characteristics.

Answer 41

Power

Question 42

The ability to maximize the influence of capability through a psychological process.

Answer 42

Power of Ideas

Question 43

The ratio of power that two states can bring to bear against each other.

Answer 43

Relative Power

Question 44

Total GDP, population, territory, geography and natural resources are all examples of this.

Answer 44

Elements of Power

Question 45

Use of geography as an element of power.

Answer 45

Geopolitics

Question 46

In IR theory, a term that implies not complete chaos but the lack of a central government that can enforce rules.

Answer 46

Anarchy

Question 47

Shared expectations about what behaviour is considered proper.

Answer 47

Norms

Question 48

A state's right, at least in principle, to do whatever it wants within its own territory; Traditionally, sovereignty is the most important international norm.

Answer 48

Sovereignty

Question 49

A situation in which actions that states take to ensure their own security are perceived as threats to the security of other states.

Answer 49

Security Dilemma

Question 50

The general concept of one or more states power being used to balance that of another state or group of states.

Answer 50

Balance of Power

Question 51

The half dozen or so most powerful states.

Answer 51

Great Powers

Question 52

States that rank somewhat below the great powers in terms of their influence on world affairs.

Answer 52

Middle Powers

Question 53

A version of realist theory that emphasizes the influence on state behaviour of the systems structure especially the international distribution of power.

Answer 53

Neorealism

Question 54

A theory that the largest wars result from challenges to the top positions in the states hierarchy, when a rising power is surpassing the most powerful state.

Answer 54

Power Transition Theory

Question 55

One state's holding a preponderance of power in the international system.

Answer 55

Hegemony

Question 56

The argument that regimes are most effective when power in the international systems is most concentrated.

Answer 56

Hegemonic Stability Theory

Question 57

The ease with which the members hold together an alliance.

Answer 57

Alliance Cohesion

Question 58

The distribution of the costs of an alliance among members; the term also refers to the conflicts that may arise over such distributions.

Answer 58

Burden Sharing

Question 59

A US led military alliance, formed in 1949 with mainly West European members, to oppose and deter Soviet Powers in Europe. It is currently expanding into the former Soviet bloc.

Answer 59

NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization )

Question 60

A Soviet led Eastern European military alliance founded in 1955 and disbanded in 1991. It opposed the NATO alliance.

Answer 60

Warsaw Pact

Question 61

A bilateral alliance between the United States and Japan, created in 1951 against the potential Soviet threat to Japan. The United States maintains troops in Japan and is committed to defend Japan if that nation is attacked, and Japan pays the United States to offset about half the cost of maintain the troops.

Answer 61

US Japanese Security Treaty

Question 62

A movement of third world states, led by India and Yugoslavia, that attempted to stand apart from the Us-Soviet rivalry during the Cold War.

Answer 62

Nonalignment Movement

Question 63

The threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action ( specifically attacking one's own state or one's allies ).

Answer 63

Deterrence

Question 64

The threat of force to make another actor take some action ( rather than, as in deterrence, refrain from taking an action ).

Answer 64

Compellence

Question 65

A reciprocal process in which two or more states build up military capabilities in response to each other.

Answer 65

Arms Race

Question 66

Actors conceived of as single entities that can think about their actions coherently, make choices, identify their interests, and ranks the interests in terms of priority.

Answer 66

Rational Actors

Question 67

The interest of the state itself.

Answer 67

National Interest

Question 68

A calculation of the costs incurred by a possible action and the benefits it is likely to bring.

Answer 68

Cost-Beneficial Analysis

Question 69

A branch of mathematics concerned with predicting bargaining outcomes. Games such as prisoner's dilemma and chicken have been used to analyze various sorts of international interactions.

Answer 69

Game Theory

Question 70

One actor's gain is equal to another's loss.

Answer 70

Zero- Sum Games

Question 71

A situation modelled by game theory in which rational actors pursuing their individual interests all achieve worse outcomes than they could have by working together.

Answer 71

Prisoner's Dilemma (PD)

Question 72

Mutual dependence between states.

Answer 72

Interdependence

Question 73

An approach that stresses the importance of international institutions in reducing the inherent conflict that realists assume in international system.

Answer 73

Neoliberal

Question 74

A set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain issue area.

Answer 74

International Regime

Question 75

The formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor; sometimes seen as presupposing the existence of a universal organization to which both the aggressor and its opponents belong.

Answer 75

Collective Security

Question 76

The proposal that democracies never fight each other.

Answer 76

Democratic Peace

Question 77

A movement in IR theory that examines how changing international norms and actors identities help shape the content of state interests.

Answer 77

Constructivism

Question 78

An approach that denies the existence of a single fixed reality and pays special attention to texts and to discourse - that is, to how people talk and write about a subject.

Answer 78

Postmodernism

Question 79

Meanings that are implicit or hidden in text rather than explicitly addressed.

Answer 79

Subtext

Question 80

A categorization of individuals based on economic status.

Answer 80

Economic Classes

Question 81

A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploration and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches.

Answer 81

Marxism

Question 82

The development and implementation of peaceful strategies for settling conflicts.

Answer 82

Conflict Resolution

Question 83

The use of a third party in conflict resolution.

Answer 83

Mediation

Question 84

The glorification of war, military force and violence.

Answer 84

Militarism

Question 85

A peace that resolves the underlying reasons for war; not just a cease fire but a transformation of relationships, including elimination or reduction of economic exploitation and political oppression.

Answer 85

Positive Peace

Question 86

A centralized world governing body with strong enforcement powers.

Answer 86

World Government

Question 87

Movements against specific wars or against a war and militarism in general, usually involving large numbers of people and forms of direct action such as street protests.

Answer 87

Peace Movements

Question 88

A strand of feminism that believes gender difference are not just socially constructed and that views woman as inherently less warlike than men.

Answer 88

Difference Feminism

Question 89

Emphasizes gender equality and views the "essential" differences in men and women's abilities or perspectives as trivial or non-existent.

Answer 89

Liberal Feminism

Question 90

An effort to combine feminist and postmodernist perspectives with the aim of uncovering the hidden influence of gender in IR and showing how arbitrary the construction of gender roles is.

Answer 90

Postmodern Feminism

Question 91

Refers to polls showing women louder than men on average in their support for military actions, as well as various other issues and candidates.

Answer 91

Gender Gap