Test #1 Flashcards
Understand the terms and theories that will be used on this upcoming midterm. (20 cards)
what is the difference between other academic displines and an academic study of CJ?
hi
identify the three main concepts used in CJ and how the concepts relate to the object of study, use examples.
h
define problematization.
problematization is:
- to complicate something.
- involves brainstorming an idea or concept.
- no proof necessary
- a way to develop a way to organize our discussions about something, using justice as an example, we cannot assume justice is just one thing.
problematize the three main concepts in the academic study of CJ.
Crime - harmful, victimizing, deviance, and immoral actions.
Justice - an eye for an eye, peace for the victim, holding on accountable for their actions, safety.
Law - legislation, regulations, method of state control, set of social norms, device to combat chaos in society.
what does the process of problematization reveal about the academic study of criminal justice?
that we cannot assume crime, law, and justice are just one thing. It also reveals the different ways people look at the same topic.
what are the three levels or orientation/analysis?
internal - main goal is to reform the system. it looks at things on a smaller scale
focused on police evidence and reducing recidivism.
external - main goal is to abolish the oppression within the system. broader than internal, it isn’t concerned with the individuals involved, but more about abstract justice.
to abolish the oppression, it looks at historical evidence of oppression.
bridging - main goal is to redistribute power and encourage change. It is a middle ground for the other two. crime on this level can be thought as changeable. looks at how we can restructure and redistribute power of the police for the individuals.
look at one of the main concepts of CJ and look at how it can be viewed through the orientation/analysis.
crime:
internal - how to reduce crime and prevent recidivism through programs.
external -
bridging -
what is epistemology?
the theory of knowledge. It is the philosophical concept that asks how we know what we know, and how we know what we say we know. Epistemology questions what constitutes legitimate knowledge.
what are the four ways of knowing?
aesthetic, personal, empirical and ethical.
APEE.
aesthetic is : based on the appearance.
personal is : based off of your personal experience, subjective.
ethical - based on what you consider right and wrong based on societal norms.
empirical - based on observation. Often validates scientific knowing.
give an example of something in the CJS and ask question about it from each way of knowing.
recidivism:
aesthetically: can be seen as scary.
define theory.
identifies the relationships between things and then the conditions of which the relationship is in.
Has the ability to transform something out of nothing. Can be simple or complex, concrete or abstract.
how is theory different from ideology?
theory is academic, whereas ideology is not. Ideology is assumptions that we make about something. Often has hidden, silent prejudices.
theory (proof), ideology (opinion)
theory:
- can be tested
- fits with research evidence.
- tends to develop through the alternating processes of inductive and deductive logic.
what is the difference between inductive and deductive logic?
inductive - when we make a conclusion through observation.
deductive - general conclusion is reasoned from a rule or principle.
what is a methodology?
includes three major approaches to knowledge production.
what are the types of methodology?
1) positivistic social science (PSS)
2) critical social science (CSS)
3) interpretive social science (ISS)
what is the difference between methodology and methods?
methodology is concerned with the making of knowledge.
methods are techniques that are used to produce evidence or tools of investigation such as interviews or surveys.
what are the key dimensions of positivist social science? (PSS)
- has an assumption that there is a truth to be known and we just have to find it.
- looks at causes of crime to evaluate programs and policies.
ITS KEY DIMENSION IS TO REFORM.
what is the key dimension of critical social science? (CSS)
- concerned with the abstract causes that we cannot see.
ex. wouldn’t think smoking causes cancer, it would look at other causes. - ## PURPOSE IS TO TRANSFORM THE WORLD INTO SOMETHING BETTER.
what is the difference between dialectical (structural), determinism (causal), and verstehen (interpretive)?
dialectical (structural) - there is a thesis, an anthesis, and then a synthesis.
- says that it isnt causal, two different concepts or things will come together and transform into something entirely new.
determinism (causal) - says cause = event.
verstehen (interpretive) - by Max Weber’s empathetic understanding of the world.
relate dialectical (structural), determinism (causal), and verstehen (interpretive) to the methodologies core ideas.
dialectical (structural) to Critical social science:
